From different sources 1 Flashcards
a small amount or piece that is taken from something, so that it can be tested or examined
specimen / ˈspesəmən, ˈspesɪmən / noun [ countable ] >>> a blood specimen \+ specimen of >>> a specimen of rock
the study of FOSSIL s (= ancient bones, plants etc that have been preserved in rock )
paleontology ( also palaeontology British English )
/ ˌpæliɒnˈtɒlədʒi, ˌpeɪ- $ ˌpeɪliɑːnˈtɑː / noun [ uncountable ]
— paleontologist noun [ countable ]
having continued or existed for a long time
long-ˈstanding
/ ˌlɒŋˈstændɪŋ◂ $ ˌlɒːŋ- / adjective
> > > a long-standing member of the committee
+ long-standing debate/dispute etc
a long-standing feud between the two families
the long-standing problem of keeping costs down
I have a long-standing arrangement with the bank.
long-standing questions
a living creature that has a BACKBONE
vertebrate
/ ˈvɜːtəbrət, ˈvɜːtɪbrət, -breɪt $ ˈvɜːr- /
→ invertebrate
»> Mosquitoes will feed on any vertebrate blood.
conclusive
/ kənˈkluːsɪv / adjective
showing that something is definitely true OPP inconclusive
+ conclusive proof/evidence/findings etc
»> The investigation failed to provide any conclusive evidence.
»> They have been able to collect some data, but as yet nothing really conclusive.
large in amount or number
substantial
/ səbˈstænʃ ə l / adjective
SYN considerable OPP insubstantial :
»> We have the support of a substantial number of parents.
»> a substantial salary
»> a substantial breakfast
»> The document requires substantial changes.
»> At first I did not think Megachirella was a true lizard, but the empirical evidence uncovered in this study is substantial and can lead to no other conclusion.”
a common river-fish, often used for food, or the flesh of this fish
trout / traʊt / noun
( plural trout )
»> Providing fresh trout for dinner was rarely a problem.
to bring a type of thing somewhere for the first time
introduce S2 W1
/ ˌɪntrəˈdjuːs $ -ˈduːs / verb [ transitive ]
(bring something to a place )
+ introduce something to/into something
»> The grey squirrel was introduced into Britain from North America.
»> Steelhead were intentionally introduced into Lake Michigan in the late 1800s in order to bolster recreational and commercial fisheries.
bolster
/ ˈbəʊlstə $ ˈboʊlstər /
( also bolster up ) verb [ transitive ]
1 to help someone to feel better and more positive
SYN boost :
»> He is making a bold attempt to bolster the territory’s confidence.
2 to improve something
SYN boost :
»> his efforts to bolster his career
»> Steelhead were intentionally introduced into Lake Michigan in the late 1800s in order to bolster recreational and commercial fisheries.
fishery
/ ˈfɪʃəri / noun ( plural fisheries ) [ countable ]
1 a part of the sea where fish are caught in large numbers
2 a FISH FARM
ˈfish ˌfarm ( also fishery ) noun [ countable ]
an area of water used for breeding fish as a business
hatch
/ hætʃ / verb
1 ( also hatch out ) [ intransitive and transitive ] if an egg hatches, or if it is hatched, it breaks, letting the young bird, insect etc come out :
»> The eggs take three days to hatch.
2 ( also hatch out ) [ intransitive and transitive ] if a young bird, insect etc hatches, or if it is hatched, it comes out of its egg :
»> All the chicks have hatched out
> > > Millions of mosquito eggs will have hatched out by May.
The eggs should hatch any day now.
Steelhead ….. in freshwater rivers, migrate to the ocean, and return to freshwater to …..
hatch
spawn
از تخم بيرون مي آيد
تخم گذاري مي كند
a stream or river that flows into a larger river
tributary
/ ˈtrɪbjət ə ri, ˈtrɪbjʊt ə ri $ -teri / noun ( plural tributaries )
> > > freshwater tributaries and streams.
genome
/ dʒinəʊm $ -noʊm /
noun [ countable ] technical
all the gene s in one type of living thing → DNA :
»> the human genome
a small soft creature that fixes itself to the skin of animals in order to drink their blood
leech / liːtʃ /
someone who takes advantage of other people by taking their money, food etc
leech
→ parasite :
The family began to see him as a leech.
1 a plant or animal that lives on or in another plant or animal and gets food from it
2 informal a lazy person who does not work but depends on other people – used to show disapproval
parasite
/ ˈpærəsaɪt / noun
to break or burst, or to make something break or burst :
rupture
/ ˈrʌptʃə $ -ər /
»_space;> The pipe will rupture at its weakest point.
»> His liver was ruptured when a brick wall collapsed on him.
> > > in freshwater because cells can rupture at a faster rate.
needing to be discussed or dealt with very soon
SYN urgent
pressing
/ ˈpresɪŋ / adjective
+ pressing problem/matter/need etc
»> Poverty is a more pressing problem than pollution.
> > > a pressing question.
easily becoming angry or violent, or making people angry or violent
inflammable
> > > inflammable language
/ ɪnˈflæməb ə l / adjective
1 formal
inflammable materials or substances will start to burn very easily SYN flammable OPP nonflammable :
»> Petrol is highly inflammable.
to make someone’s feelings of anger, excitement etc much stronger
inflame
/ ɪnˈfleɪm / verb [ transitive ]
»> The shooting inflamed ethnic tensions.
a part of your body that is inflamed is red and swollen, because it is injured or infected
inflamed / ɪnˈfleɪmd / adjective >>> an inflamed eye ------------ inflammation / ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃ ə n / swelling and pain in part of your body, which is often red and feels hot \+ inflammation of >>> inflammation of the colon
(technical)pieces of waste material, paper etc
debris
/ˈdebriː, ˈdeɪ-$dəˈbriː, deɪ-/noun[U]
1)the pieces of something that are left after it has been destroyed in an accident, explosion etc
➡She was hit byflying debrisfrom the blast.
2)
⛧plant/garden/industrial etc debris
➡Clean the ventilation ducts to remove dust and insect debris.
➡ Plastics debris found in the ocean is becoming a growing problem around the globe.
someone who is trained to give medical care and treatment to sick animals
vet‧e‧ri‧na‧ri‧an
/ˌvetrˈneəriən$-ˈner-/nounC
✔ SYNvet
almost not
barely
/ˈbeəli$ˈberli/adverb
SYNhardly
➡She was barely aware of his presence.
➡ The group said the mammal could barely swim and couldn’t open its mouth.
➡ Mary hadbarely enoughmoney to live on.
⛧barely audible/perceptible/visible/discernible etc
➡His voice was barely audible.
➡Shecould barelyunderstand English.
to make something so that it is exactly right for someone’s particular needs or for a particular purpose
tailor something to something
➡Treatment is tailored to the needs of each patient.
😌tailor something to meet/suit somebody’s needs/requirements
➡The classes are tailored to suit learners’ needs.
⛧tailor something for somebody
➡We tailored the part specifically for her.
very shocking and extremely unfair or offensive
out‧ra‧geous
/aʊtˈreɪdʒəs/adjective
➡ outrageous prices
➡ an outrageous attack on his policies
⛧ it is outrageous (that)
➡It’s outrageous that the poor should pay such high taxes.
to protect someone or something from being harmed or damaged
shield
➡ Women will often lie to shield even the most abusive partner.
⛧ shield somebody/something from somebody/something
➡ He held up his hands, shielding his eyes from the sun.
➡ import tariffs that shield firms from foreign competition
🔊 Register
Shieldis used mostly in journalism or literature. In everyday English, people usually sayprotect:He used his hands toprotecthis eyes from the sun. 🕪
(informal)a very small amount of money
peanuts
➡ The hotel workers getpaid peanuts.
➡ I’m tired ofworking for peanuts.
to say that something such as a fact or idea is not correct or true
OR
to argue or disagree with someone
dispute / dɪˈspjuːt /
> > > The main facts of the book have never been disputed.
+ dispute that
Few would dispute that travel broadens the mind.
+ dispute (something) with somebody
Hazlitt, though much younger, was soon disputing with Wordsworth on equal terms.
What happened next is hotly disputed .
