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Hair Chemistry > Foundations Ch 06 Vocabulary Chemistry and Chemical Safety > Flashcards

Foundations Ch 06 Vocabulary Chemistry and Chemical Safety Flashcards

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1
Q

a solution that has a pH below 7 (neutral)

A

acidic solution

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2
Q

when acids are mixed with alkalis in equal proportions, balancing the total pH and forming water (H2O) and a salt

A

acid-alkali neutralization reactions

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3
Q

a solution that has a pH above 7 (neutral)

A

alkaline solution

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4
Q

also known as bases; compounds that react with acids to form salts

A

alkalis

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5
Q

alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products

A

alkanolamines

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6
Q

acids derived from plants (mostly fruit) that are often used to exfoliate the skin

A

alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs)

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7
Q

colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen

A

ammonia

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8
Q

an ion with a negative electrical charge

A

anion

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9
Q

the smallest chemical components (often called particles) of an element; structures that make up the element and have the same properties of the element

A

atoms

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10
Q

a substance that causes or is believed to cause cancer

A

carcinogen

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11
Q

an ion with a positive electrical charge

A

cation

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12
Q

a change in the chemical composition or make-up of a substance

A

chemical change

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13
Q

characteristics that can be determined only by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance

A

chemical properties

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14
Q

science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions

A

chemistry

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15
Q

material that is capable of igniting and burning

A

combustible

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16
Q

rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by the production of heat and light

A

combustion

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17
Q

a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions

A

compound molecules
(aka compounds)

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18
Q

subatomic particles with a negative charge

A

electrons

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19
Q

the simplest form of chemical matter; it cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity

A

element

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20
Q

molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions

A

elemental molecule

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21
Q

an ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable mixture

A

emulsifier

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22
Q

an unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay mixed) plus a special ingredient

A

emulsion

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23
Q

chemical reaction that requires the absorption of energy or heat from an external source for the reaction to occur

A

endothermic reaction

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24
Q

chemical reaction that releases a significant amount of heat

A

exothermic reaction

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25
Q

material that is capable of igniting and burning, and easier to ignite than combustible material

A

flammable

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26
Q

sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in skin and body creams

A

glycerin

27
Q

an alpha hydroxy acid used in exfoliation and to lower the pH of products

A

glycolic acid

28
Q

capable of combining with or attracting water (water loving)

A

hydrophilic

29
Q

liquids that are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions

A

immiscible

30
Q

substances that should not be mixed or even stored near each other

A

incompatible

31
Q

an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge

A

ion

32
Q

the separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions

A

ionization

33
Q

the separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions

A

ionization

34
Q

having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils (oil loving)

A

lipophilic

35
Q

any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight)

A

matter

36
Q

liquids that are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to form stable solution

A

miscible

37
Q

a chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite (fixed) proportions

A

molecule

38
Q

a substance that causes an increase in cellular mutations, some of which are harmful but others which have little or no effect on the body’s function; may cause cancer but not always

A

mutagen

39
Q

subatomic particles with no charge

A

neutron

40
Q

oil droplets emulsified in water

A

oil-in-water emulsion
( aka O/W emulsion)

41
Q

prolonged, repeated, or long-term exposure that can cause sensitivity

A

overexposure

42
Q

a chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen)

A

oxidation-reduction (redox)

43
Q

a substance that releases oxygen

A

oxidizing agent

44
Q

the abbreviation used for potential hydrogen, representing the quantity of hydrogen ions

A

pH

45
Q

a measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance; it has a range of 0-14; with below 7 being acidic and above 7 being alkaline

A

pH scale

46
Q

a change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical reaction or the creation of a new substance

A

physical change

47
Q

a physical combination of matter in any proportion

A

physical mixture

48
Q

characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the substance

A

physical properties

49
Q

subatomic particles with a positive charge

A

protons

50
Q

a chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions

A

pure substance

51
Q

a substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound

A

reducing agent

52
Q

required by law for all products sold; it includes safety information about products compiled by the manufacturer, including hazardous ingredients, safe use and handling procedures, proper disposal guidelines, and precautions to reduce the rusk of accidental harm or overexposure

A

Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

53
Q

special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water-resistant lubricants for the skin, and nail polish dryers

A

silicones

54
Q

a very strong alkali used in chemical products and cleaners; commonly known as lye

A

sodium hydroxide

55
Q

the substance that is dissolved in a solution

A

solute

56
Q

a stable, uniform mixture of two or more substances

A

solution

57
Q

the substance that dissolves the solute and makes a solution

A

solvent

58
Q

a contraction of surface active agents; substances that allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify

A

surfactants

59
Q

unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in a liquid

A

suspension

60
Q

a colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solutions

A

thioglycolic acid

61
Q

alcohols that evaporate easily

A

volatile alcohols

62
Q

compounds that contain carbon (organic) and evaporate very easily (volatile)

A

volatile organic compounds

63
Q

water droplets emulsified in oil

A

water-in-oil emulsion
(aka W/O emulsion)

Hair Chemistry (25 decks)

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