Foundations Ch 06 Vocabulary Chemistry and Chemical Safety

Question 1

a solution that has a pH below 7 (neutral)

Answer 1

acidic solution

Question 2

when acids are mixed with alkalis in equal proportions, balancing the total pH and forming water (H2O) and a salt

Answer 2

acid-alkali neutralization reactions

Question 3

a solution that has a pH above 7 (neutral)

Answer 3

alkaline solution

Question 4

also known as bases; compounds that react with acids to form salts

Answer 4

alkalis

Question 5

alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products

Answer 5

alkanolamines

Question 6

acids derived from plants (mostly fruit) that are often used to exfoliate the skin

Answer 6

alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs)

Question 7

colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen

Answer 7

ammonia

Question 8

an ion with a negative electrical charge

Answer 8

anion

Question 9

the smallest chemical components (often called particles) of an element; structures that make up the element and have the same properties of the element

Answer 9

atoms

Question 10

a substance that causes or is believed to cause cancer

Answer 10

carcinogen

Question 11

an ion with a positive electrical charge

Answer 11

cation

Question 12

a change in the chemical composition or make-up of a substance

Answer 12

chemical change

Question 13

characteristics that can be determined only by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance

Answer 13

chemical properties

Question 14

science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions

Answer 14

chemistry

Question 15

material that is capable of igniting and burning

Answer 15

combustible

Question 16

rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by the production of heat and light

Answer 16

combustion

Question 17

a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions

Answer 17

compound molecules
(aka compounds)

Question 18

subatomic particles with a negative charge

Answer 18

electrons

Question 19

the simplest form of chemical matter; it cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity

Answer 19

element

Question 20

molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions

Answer 20

elemental molecule

Question 21

an ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable mixture

Answer 21

emulsifier

Question 22

an unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay mixed) plus a special ingredient

Answer 22

emulsion

Question 23

chemical reaction that requires the absorption of energy or heat from an external source for the reaction to occur

Answer 23

endothermic reaction

Question 24

chemical reaction that releases a significant amount of heat

Answer 24

exothermic reaction

Question 25

material that is capable of igniting and burning, and easier to ignite than combustible material

Answer 25

flammable

Question 26

sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in skin and body creams

Answer 26

glycerin

Question 27

an alpha hydroxy acid used in exfoliation and to lower the pH of products

Answer 27

glycolic acid

Question 28

capable of combining with or attracting water (water loving)

Answer 28

hydrophilic

Question 29

liquids that are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions

Answer 29

immiscible

Question 30

substances that should not be mixed or even stored near each other

Answer 30

incompatible

Question 31

an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge

Answer 31

ion

Question 32

the separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions

Answer 32

ionization

Question 33

the separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions

Answer 33

ionization

Question 34

having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils (oil loving)

Answer 34

lipophilic

Question 35

any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight)

Answer 35

matter

Question 36

liquids that are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to form stable solution

Answer 36

miscible

Question 37

a chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite (fixed) proportions

Answer 37

molecule

Question 38

a substance that causes an increase in cellular mutations, some of which are harmful but others which have little or no effect on the body's function; may cause cancer but not always

Answer 38

mutagen

Question 39

subatomic particles with no charge

Answer 39

neutron

Question 40

oil droplets emulsified in water

Answer 40

oil-in-water emulsion ( aka O/W emulsion)

Question 41

prolonged, repeated, or long-term exposure that can cause sensitivity

Answer 41

overexposure

Question 42

a chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen)

Answer 42

oxidation-reduction (redox)

Question 43

a substance that releases oxygen

Answer 43

oxidizing agent

Question 44

the abbreviation used for potential hydrogen, representing the quantity of hydrogen ions

Answer 44

pH

Question 45

a measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance; it has a range of 0-14; with below 7 being acidic and above 7 being alkaline

Answer 45

pH scale

Question 46

a change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical reaction or the creation of a new substance

Answer 46

physical change

Question 47

a physical combination of matter in any proportion

Answer 47

physical mixture

Question 48

characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the substance

Answer 48

physical properties

Question 49

subatomic particles with a positive charge

Answer 49

protons

Question 50

a chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions

Answer 50

pure substance

Question 51

a substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound

Answer 51

reducing agent

Question 52

required by law for all products sold; it includes safety information about products compiled by the manufacturer, including hazardous ingredients, safe use and handling procedures, proper disposal guidelines, and precautions to reduce the rusk of accidental harm or overexposure

Answer 52

Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

Question 53

special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water-resistant lubricants for the skin, and nail polish dryers

Answer 53

silicones

Question 54

a very strong alkali used in chemical products and cleaners; commonly known as lye

Answer 54

sodium hydroxide

Question 55

the substance that is dissolved in a solution

Answer 55

solute

Question 56

a stable, uniform mixture of two or more substances

Answer 56

solution

Question 57

the substance that dissolves the solute and makes a solution

Answer 57

solvent

Question 58

a contraction of surface active agents; substances that allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify

Answer 58

surfactants

Question 59

unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in a liquid

Answer 59

suspension

Question 60

a colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solutions

Answer 60

thioglycolic acid

Question 61

alcohols that evaporate easily

Answer 61

volatile alcohols

Question 62

compounds that contain carbon (organic) and evaporate very easily (volatile)

Answer 62

volatile organic compounds

Question 63

water droplets emulsified in oil

Answer 63

water-in-oil emulsion (aka W/O emulsion)