Chapter 2 Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary Flashcards
1
Q
foot muscle that allows the little toe to flex and move
A
abductor digiti minimi
2
Q
foot muscle that moves the big toe away from the other toes
A
abductor hallucis
3
Q
muscles that draw a body part away from the midline of the body; separate the fingers in the hand
A
abductors
4
Q
muscles that draw a body part toward the midline of the body; draw the fingers together in the hand
A
adductors
5
Q
process of simple molecules combining to form a complex molecule; requires energy
A
anabolism
6
Q
also called gross anatomy, is the study of human body structures, how the body parts are organized, and the science of the interconnected structures of organisms, or of their parts
A
anatomy
7
Q
largest artery in the body
A
aorta
8
Q
thick-walled flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the arterioles
A
arteries
9
Q
small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries
A
arterioles
10
Q
part of the nervous system that controls involuntary muscle action and regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, heart and breathing
A
autonomic nervous system (ans)
11
Q
middle part of the muscle
A
belly
12
Q
muscle that produces the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm; lifts the forearm and flexes the elbow
A
bicep
13
Q
fluid that travels through the circulatory system to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them
A
blood
14
Q
tube like structures that circulate blood throughout the body including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
A
blood vessels
15
Q
also known as systems; group of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions
A
body systems
16
Q
one of the body’s most complex organs that controls all the body’s functions
A
brain
17
Q
muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips
A
buccinator
18
Q
tiny blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the venules, bring nutrients to the cells, and carry away waste materials
A
capillaries
19
Q
also known as the wrist; flexible joint composed of eight small. irregular bones called carpals
A
carpus
20
Q
process of breaking complex molecules down into simple molecules; releases energy
A
catabolism
21
Q
thin layer of tissue that surrounds the cell; it protects the interior of the cell from its surroundings and is semipermeable, meaning it allows certain substances to enter the cell
A
cell membrane
22
Q
basic units of all living things
A
cells
23
Q
controls voluntary muscle actions and consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves
A
central nervous system (cns)
24
Q
seven bones located below the skull; provide support, structure and flexibility to the neck
A
cervical vertebrae
25
also known as cardiovascular system or vascular system, controls the body's steady circulation through the heart and blood vessels
circulatory system
26
also known as collarbone, it joins the sternum and scapula
clavicle
27
main arteries o both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head, face, and neck
common carotid arteries
28
is fibrous tissue that binds and supports other body tissues and organs
connective tissue
29
small muscle located between the eyebrows just below the frontalis; draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically
corrugator
30
oval, bony case consisting of eight bones that protect the brain
cranium
31
watery fluid that surrounds the nucleus; provides structure for cell parts to move within the cell membrane; enzymes in the cytoplasm help digest and break down other molecules for food
cytoplasm
32
large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body
deltoid
33
muscle that surrounds and lowers the lower lip and draws it to one side, as when expressing sarcasm; also known as quadratus labii inferioris
depressor labii inferioris
34
body system consisting of a group of specialized glands that control the growth, development, reproduction, and health of the entire bocy
endocrine system
35
also known as ductless glands; include the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, as well as other glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream
endocrine glands
36
tendon that connects the occipitalis and frontalis muscles
epicranial aponeurosis
37
broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis; also called occipitofrontalis
epicranius
38
provides a covering that protects the body and is found within many parts of the body such as skin, mucous membranes, digestive and respiratory organs, the lining of the mouth, the lining of the heart, and the glands
epithelial tissue
39
separates nasal cavity from the brain
ethmoid bone
40
also known as duct glands; include the sebaceous and sudoriferous glands, as well as others, and produce a substance that travels through small tubelike ducts.
exocrine glands
41
muscle that bend the foot up and extends the toes
extensor digitorum longus
42
muscle that extends the big toe and flexes the foot
extensor hallucis longus
43
muscles that extend and straighten joints such as the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line
extensors
44
supplies blood to the anterior parts of the scalp, ear, face, neck and the sides of the head
external carotid artery
45
located at the side of the neck, it carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face, and neck
external jugular vein
46
framework of the face; composed of 14 bones
facial skeleton
47
located on the little-toe side of the lower leg; smaller of the two leg bones below the knee
fibula
48
extensor muscle of the wrist involved in flexing or bending it
flexor
49
foot muscle that moves the little toe
flexor digiti minimi
50
foot muscle that flexes the toes and helps maintain balance while walking and standing
flexor digitorum brevis
51
bone that forms the forehead
frontal bone
52
front (anterior) portion of the epicranius; scalp muscle that raises the eyebrow, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead
frontalis
53
muscle attached to the lower rear surface of the heel that pulls the foot down
gastrocnemius
54
produce and release substances that perform a specific function in the body
glands
55
muscular, cone shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system
heart
56
chemical substances such as insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen that stimulate activities in the body.
hormones
57
uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder
humerus
58
U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports it and its muscles; the only bone of the throat
hyoid bone
59
movable part of the muscle anchored to the bone; attached farthest from the skeleton
insertion
60
body system consisting of skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails, it serves as a protective covering and helps regulate the body's temperature
integumentary system
61
supplies blood to the brain, eyes, eyelids, forehead, nose, and internal ear
internal carotid artery
62
located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck
internal jugular vein
63
connection between two or more bones
joint
64
two small, thin bones located in the front inside wall of the eye sockets (orbits)
lacrimal bones
65
muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward
levator anguli oris
66
muscle that surrounds and elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils, as when expressing distaste
levator labii superioris
67
thin muscle that controls the movement of the eyelid
levator palpebrae superioris
68
clear or pale yellow fluid that contains white blood cells and travels through lymph vessels
lymph
69
body system that helps defend against infection and includes lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, and lymph vessels
lymphatic system
70
glandlike structures that filter bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells and are connected by lymph vessels
lymph nodes
71
largest and strongest bone of the face that forms the lower jaw
mandible
72
originates at the lower part of the zygomatic; moves the mandible, causing the mouth to close
masseter
73
medical term for chewing
mastication
74
two bones that form the upper jaw
maxillae bones
75
muscle at the tip of the chin that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin
mentalis
76
chemical process by which cells convert nutrients to energy
metabolism
77
five bones, or metacarpals, of the palm located between the carpus and phalanges
metacarpus
78
five long, slender bones, similar to the metacarpal bones of the hand
metatarsals
79
process of cell reproduction that occurs when the cell divides into two identical daughter cells
mitosis
80
also known as efferent nerves; carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands; these transmitted impulses produce movement
motor nerves
81
body system that covers and holds the skeletal system in place and moves various body parts
muscular system
82
study of the structure, functions, and diseases of the muscular system
myology
83
two bones that form the bridge of the nose
nasal bones
84
whitish bundles of nerve fibers that transmit impulses
nerves
85
carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions
nerve tissue
86
well organized body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; controls and coordinates all other body systems.
nervous system
87
study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system
neurology
88
specialized structure at the center of the cell; controls growth and reproduction of the cell and contains the cell's genetic material
nucleus
89
located below the parietal bones forming the back of the skull above the nape
occipital bone
90
back (posterior) portion of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backward
occipitalis
91
muscle that allows the thumb to be moved toward a finger of the same hand
opponens
92
ring muscle of the eye socket that closes the eyelids and assists in pumping tears
orbicularis oculi
93
muscle that circles the mouth and contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips
orbicularis oris
94
groups of specialized tissues designed to perform specific functions
organs
95
part of the muscle that does not move and is anchored to the bone; attached closest to the skeleton
origin
96
the study of bones
osteology
97
two bones that form the sides and top of the cranium
parietal bones
98
also known as kneecap; forms the kneecap joint
patella
99
system of nerves connecting the peripheral (outer) parts of the body to the central nervous system; has both sensory and motor nerves, carries impulses to and from the CNS
peripheral nervous system (pns)
100
muscle that originates on the lower surface of the fibula and bends the foot down and out
peroneus brevis
101
muscle that covers the outer side of the calf, inverts the foot, and turns it outward
peroneus longus
102
also known as digits; bones of the fingers or toes; there are twenty-eight in the fingers (three in each finger and two in each thumb); there are 14 in the toes (two in each big toe and three in each smaller toe)
phalanges
103
the study of the functions or activities performed by the body's structures
physiology
104
broad muscle extending from the pectoral and deltoid muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for lowering the lower jaw and lip
platysma
105
muscle that covers the bridge of the nose, lowers the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose
procerus
106
muscle that turns the hand inward so the palm faces downward
pronator
107
makes up a cell; contains nutrients, mineral salts, and water
protoplasm
108
system that takes oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for oxygenation and waste removal then returns that blood to the heart (left atrium) so oxygen-rich blood can be delivered to the body
pulmonary circulation
109
smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb
radius
110
automatic reaction that involves sending an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord
reflex
111
muscle at the corner of the mouth that draws it out and back, as when grinning
risorius
112
also called the shoulder blade; large, flat, triangular bone of the shoulder; there are two scapulae
scapula
113
also known as afferent nerves, they carry messages from the sense organs (heat, cold, sight sound, smell, taste) to the brain and spinal cord
sensory nerves
114
forms the physical foundation of the body and is composed of 206 bones that vary in size and shape; connected by movable and immovable joints
skeletal system
115
skeleton of the head; divided into two parts called the cranium and facial skeleton
skull
116
muscle that originates at the upper portion of the fibula and bends the foot down
soleus
117
is the portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain and extends down to the bottom of the spine
spinal cord
118
forms base and sides of the skull
sphenoid bone
119
neck muscle that lowers and rotates the head; originates at the clavicle and inserts at the temporal bone near the ear
sternocleidomastoideus
120
forearm muscle that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward
supinator
121
system that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart throughout the body and returns oxygen-poor blood back to the heart; also known as general circulation
systemic circulation
122
also called the ankle bone; located between the heel, tibia, and fibula
talus
123
seven irregularly shaped bones in the ankle area including the talus, calcaneus (heel), navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiform bones
tarsals
124
two bones forming the sides of the head in the ear region
temporal bones
125
located near the temple that opens and closes the jaw
temporalis
126
also called the shinbone, it's the larger of the two leg bones below the knee on the big toe side that supports most of the body's weight
tibia
127
muscle covering the front of the shin that bends the foot upward and inward
tibialis anterior
128
group of similar cells that perform a specific function
tissue
129
muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle regions of the back; lifts and turns the head, raises the shoulders, and controls swinging movements of the arm
trapezius
130
muscle at the corner of the lip that extends over the chin and pulls down the corners of the mouth when frowning
triangularis
131
large muscle covering the entire back of the upper arm that extends the forearm and straightens the elbow.
tricep
132
inner and larger bone in the forearm located on the sid4e of the little finger
ulna
133
thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries and carry blood containing waste products to the heard and lungs for cleaning and to pick up oxygen; contain cuplike valves that keep blood flowing in one direction to the heart and prevent blood from flowing backward
veins
134
small veins that connect the capillaries to larger veins
venules
135
also known as cheekbones or malar bones; they form the prominence of the cheeks and the outer part of the eye socket
zygomatic bones
136
muscle that extends from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth; directs the lip outward when laughing or smility
zygomaticus major
