Chapter 2 Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary Flashcards
foot muscle that allows the little toe to flex and move
abductor digiti minimi
foot muscle that moves the big toe away from the other toes
abductor hallucis
muscles that draw a body part away from the midline of the body; separate the fingers in the hand
abductors
muscles that draw a body part toward the midline of the body; draw the fingers together in the hand
adductors
process of simple molecules combining to form a complex molecule; requires energy
anabolism
also called gross anatomy, is the study of human body structures, how the body parts are organized, and the science of the interconnected structures of organisms, or of their parts
anatomy
largest artery in the body
aorta
thick-walled flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the arterioles
arteries
small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries
arterioles
part of the nervous system that controls involuntary muscle action and regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, heart and breathing
autonomic nervous system (ans)
middle part of the muscle
belly
muscle that produces the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm; lifts the forearm and flexes the elbow
bicep
fluid that travels through the circulatory system to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them
blood
tube like structures that circulate blood throughout the body including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
blood vessels
also known as systems; group of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions
body systems
one of the body’s most complex organs that controls all the body’s functions
brain
muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips
buccinator
tiny blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the venules, bring nutrients to the cells, and carry away waste materials
capillaries
also known as the wrist; flexible joint composed of eight small. irregular bones called carpals
carpus
process of breaking complex molecules down into simple molecules; releases energy
catabolism
thin layer of tissue that surrounds the cell; it protects the interior of the cell from its surroundings and is semipermeable, meaning it allows certain substances to enter the cell
cell membrane
basic units of all living things
cells
controls voluntary muscle actions and consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves
central nervous system (cns)
seven bones located below the skull; provide support, structure and flexibility to the neck
cervical vertebrae
also known as cardiovascular system or vascular system, controls the body’s steady circulation through the heart and blood vessels
circulatory system
also known as collarbone, it joins the sternum and scapula
clavicle
main arteries o both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head, face, and neck
common carotid arteries
is fibrous tissue that binds and supports other body tissues and organs
connective tissue
small muscle located between the eyebrows just below the frontalis; draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically
corrugator
oval, bony case consisting of eight bones that protect the brain
cranium
watery fluid that surrounds the nucleus; provides structure for cell parts to move within the cell membrane; enzymes in the cytoplasm help digest and break down other molecules for food
cytoplasm
large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body
deltoid
muscle that surrounds and lowers the lower lip and draws it to one side, as when expressing sarcasm; also known as quadratus labii inferioris
depressor labii inferioris
body system consisting of a group of specialized glands that control the growth, development, reproduction, and health of the entire bocy
endocrine system
also known as ductless glands; include the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, as well as other glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream
endocrine glands
tendon that connects the occipitalis and frontalis muscles
epicranial aponeurosis
broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis; also called occipitofrontalis
epicranius
provides a covering that protects the body and is found within many parts of the body such as skin, mucous membranes, digestive and respiratory organs, the lining of the mouth, the lining of the heart, and the glands
epithelial tissue
separates nasal cavity from the brain
ethmoid bone
also known as duct glands; include the sebaceous and sudoriferous glands, as well as others, and produce a substance that travels through small tubelike ducts.
exocrine glands
muscle that bend the foot up and extends the toes
extensor digitorum longus
muscle that extends the big toe and flexes the foot
extensor hallucis longus
muscles that extend and straighten joints such as the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line
extensors
supplies blood to the anterior parts of the scalp, ear, face, neck and the sides of the head
external carotid artery
located at the side of the neck, it carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face, and neck
external jugular vein
framework of the face; composed of 14 bones
facial skeleton
located on the little-toe side of the lower leg; smaller of the two leg bones below the knee
fibula
extensor muscle of the wrist involved in flexing or bending it
flexor
foot muscle that moves the little toe
flexor digiti minimi
foot muscle that flexes the toes and helps maintain balance while walking and standing
flexor digitorum brevis
bone that forms the forehead
frontal bone
front (anterior) portion of the epicranius; scalp muscle that raises the eyebrow, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead
frontalis
muscle attached to the lower rear surface of the heel that pulls the foot down
gastrocnemius
produce and release substances that perform a specific function in the body
glands