Formulas

Question 1

sensitivity

Answer 1

TP / (disease positive)

Question 2

specificity

Answer 2

TN/All disease negatives

Question 3

PPV

Answer 3

TP / (positive test results)

Question 4

NPV

Answer 4

TN / (negative test results)

Question 5

RRR

Answer 5

(risk in unexposed − risk in exposed) / (risk in unexposed)

Question 6

relative risk

Answer 6

Risk of disease in exposed group / risk of disease in unexposed group

Question 7

positive LR

Answer 7

Positive LR = sensitivity / (1 – specificity)

Question 8

negative LR

Answer 8

negative LR = (1 – sensitivity) / specificity

Question 9

NNT

Answer 9

1/(absolute risk reduction)

Question 10

NNH

Answer 10

1/(absolute risk increase)

Question 11

absolute risk increase

Answer 11

difference in incidence rate between the exposed and non-exposed groups

Question 12

standardized incidence ratio

Answer 12

Observed Cases / Expected Cases

Question 13

post test odds

Answer 13

pre-test odds * LR

Question 14

false positive rate

Answer 14

(1 – specificity)

Question 15

false negative rate

Answer 15

(1 – sensitivity)

Question 16

attributable risk percentage

Answer 16

(Risk in exposed - Risk in unexposed) / Risk in exposed

Question 17

population attributable risk

Answer 17

(Risk in the total population – Risk in the unexposed) / Risk in the total population

Question 18

aortic regurg murmur

Answer 18

diastolic decrescendo murmur heard at the left lower sternal border or right lower sternal border

Question 19

mitral stenosis murmur

Answer 19

diastolic low-pitched decrescendo rumbling murmur best heard at the cardiac apex

Question 20

tricuspid stenosis murmur

Answer 20

diastolic decrescendo murmur at the left lower sternal border,

Question 21

AS murmur

Answer 21

crescendo/decrescendo systolic murmur best heard at the right upper sternal border sometimes with radiation to the carotid arteries.

Question 22

mitral regurg murmur

Answer 22

holosystolic (pansystolic) murmur heard best at the apex, and may radiate to the axilla or precordium

Question 23

where flow murmurs are typically heard

Answer 23

right upper sternal border

Question 24

MVP murmur

Answer 24

single or multiple non-ejection clicks and/or mid-to-late systolic murmur

Question 25

indications for screening for barrett’s with GERDS

Answer 25

chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (>5 years) or frequent symptoms and ≥2 risk factors (eg, male sex, central obesity) should be considered for endoscopic screening.

Question 26

glucose cutoff for 3-hour glucose tolerance test (GTT) after 1 hour in pregnancy

Answer 26

140

Question 27

ABPA clinical features

Answer 27

asthma or COPD patient with fleeting infiltrates ((eg, transient infiltrates in different parts of the lungs), recurrent asthma exacerbations, and central bronchiectasis.

Question 28

ABPA management

Answer 28

glucocorticoids and itraconazole

Question 29

central precocious puberty

Answer 29

onset of secondary sexual characteristics in girls age <8 and boys age <9 with advanced bone age and elevated LH and FSH levels.

Question 30

Mccune Albright syndrome

Answer 30

irregular café-au-lait spots, fibrous dysplasia of bone, and peripheral precocious puberty due to elevated estrogens produced by ovarian cysts.

Question 31

premature adrenarche

Answer 31

early-onset pubic and axillary hair in addition to adult-type body odor due to mildly elevated serum androgens (eg, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate). Bone age is typically normal, and additional signs of puberty, such as breast development, are not typically present due to normal estrogen levels.

Question 32

next step after positive stress test

Answer 32

start meds (ASA, metop, atorva)
IF high risk features coronary angiography ( (ST depression at minimal exertion)

Question 33

fluoxetine SE profile

Answer 33

tends to be activating and is more prone to cause insomnia and jitteriness

Question 34

management of patient not tolerating SSRI

Answer 34

• if mood is improved switch to different SSRI

- if mood not improved switch to atypical