FONS FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES Flashcards
Sodium 135-145
Sodium is most abundant electrolytes
Mostlyextracellilar
Sodium regulates fluid volume, muscular contraction a, (especially cardiac), nerve conduction, and acid base balance HYPUNATREMIA caused by committing, diarrhea, and excess H2O
EFFECTS fatigue headaches, postural hypotension
TX water restriction and sodium
Hypernatremia
Caused by too much sodium/too little water EFFECTS dehydration of cells
Potassium 3.5-5.0
Major intercellular cation. Imbalances can be life threatening
FUNCTIONS regulation of water and electrolytes within cells
Transmission of nerve impulses
skeletal muscule functioning
cardiac muscle function
Metabolism of carbs and proteins
Hypokalemia
Kidneys do not conserve potassium
cause of deficit
Severe vomiting and gastric suctioning
Signs and symptoms are DECREASED REFLEXES, CONFUSION, decrease bowel sounds, leg cramps
Hyperkalemia
Less common than hypokalemia and more dangerous
cause of excess potassium, kidney disease, tissue damage, excessive intake of potassium, rich foods
salt substitute usually have potassium.
Treatment is to induce diarrhea with sodium polystyrene sulfonate.
Chloride and balances 95 to 105 mEq/L
Usually bound to sodium/potassium
hypochloremia, vomiting, suction, infection, decreased respiration, tetany alkalosis
Hyperchloremia
Rare can occur with acidosis
Calcium 9-11 mg/dl
Found mainly in bones and teeth
remains inactive until serum levels are too low
calcitonin and parathyroid
hormone function, nerve impulses, muscular contractions, cell membrane thickness, activates chemical reactions in the body
Calcium Imbalances
Hypocalcemia has numerous causes
effects are muscle spasms, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Cvostek or Trousseau signs
Parathesia(numbness pins and needles)
Hypercalcemia
Caused by bone cancer, endocrine
effects are thirst, polyuria, and decrease muscle tone
Phosphorus 2.5-4.5
Inverse relationship to calcium,
important component of bones and teeth, DNARNA cellular membranes
BUFFER FOR ACID BASE BALANCE
Nerve and muscle function, carbohydrate, metabolism, hyperphosphatemia, and hyper phosphatemia are rare
Magnesium inbalances 1.5-2.5
Functions were recently discovered, help with enzyme, production and other electrolytes,
kidneys conserve, magnesium,
hypomagnesia effects are neuromuscular irritability, similar to hypocalcemia
Hypermagnesia is rare except with kidney disease
Bicarbonate 22-24
Major function for acid base balance
Buffer instant mechanism to correct pH
Neutralizes acids
Selectively regulated by kidneys
Nursing interventions for electrolyte and balances
Weigh patient daily vital signs, I/O, monitor lab, values, restrict, or encourage fluids, dietary changes, and administer medication
(My own)Calcium, sodium, phosphorus
Nerve impulses, muscle function
Complications of IV therapy
Infiltration indicates-solution in tissues Area swollen(puffy)
phlebitis-indicates inflammation of vein.
Septicemia (sepsis)-indicates blood infection.
Signs and symptoms of fluid overload
Can be fatal
Observe for Dypsnea, rapid weak pulse, cough, disorientation,B/P changes,
CRACKLES, EDEMA, WEIGHT GAIN,DECREASE IN URINARY OUTPUT
High risk for fluid overload
Children, critically ill, older adults
Blood transfusion therapy
Patient receives their own blood
only RN initiates blood transfusion
risk of reactions usually within 15 minutes
remain with the patient
Eye irrigation
Gentle washing, normal saline, plain water, especially in emergency situation, medication or antiseptics
purpose is to relieve inflammation, apply antiseptic, flush out exudates or irritants
Ear irrigations
Cleanse external auditory canal of
excess cerumen, exudate from lesions , exudate from wounds
Slow gentle irrigation don’t occlude canal with syringe tip. Don’t try to flush out beans or vegetables
contraindications are beans/vegetables tympanic membrane, cold or infection.
cations
Sodium, potassium, calcium magnesium
Anions
Chloride bicarbonate, sulfate, hydrogen phosphate
Acid base balance
Homeostasis of hydrogen ion,
concentration in body fluids, PHYSIOLOGIC BUFFERS are blood buffers (fastest), lungs, kidneys
BUFFERS work together and maintain normal hydrogen ion concentration
Buffers
LPN in PA
A
Calcium imbalances
