A and P Ch 12 Blood Ch 14 Lymphatic System Flashcards
Blood
A fluid tissue
Solid parts are RBC
Plasma is blood minus the cells
Formed elements of blood
Erythrocytes =red blood cells
Leukocytes = white blood cells
Plasma
Liquid portion of blood-contains proteins, other solutes
Buffycoat(small portion of plasma) contains platelets and leukocytes
5 types of leukocytes (in Buffy coat portion of plasma)
A granular-monocytes, lymphocytes
Granular- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Hematopoesis
Formation of new blood cells-made in red bone marrow
Hemostasis
Cessation of bleeding
Removal of dead blood cells
Done by liver and spleen
Red blood cells structure
Disk shaped no nuclei
Transports O2 and CO2
Cannot reproduce or repair themselves
Lifespan- 80-120 days
Are flexiblle
CBC blood test-
Complete blood cell count
Blood test
Measures amount/level of many blood
Hematocrit= HCT test
Centrifuge used
Tells what percentage of blood is RBCs
Dehydration can throw it off
Anemia
Inability to carry adequate O2 to tissues
Causes- 1. inadequate number of RBCs. 2. Deficiency of hemoglobin
Pernicious Anemia
Deficiency of vit b 12
Polycythemia
Too many RBCs
Sickle cell anemia
Abnormally shaped RBCs
Prevalent amongst Thkse of African, Mediterranean, or Indian(India) descent
Pain/supportive tx
The A’s of immunity
Antigens(in plasma)- subsatance that can activate immune system
Antibody-substance made bybody in response to stimulation by antigen
Agglutination-reaction or clumping together of antibodies and antigens
ABO Blood Typing
Test to determine your blood group
4 main blood groups Type A, Type B, Type AB, Type O
Rh-positive blood
Rh- factor antigen present in RBC
Rh- negative blood
No Rh factor in RBCs
Anti-Rh factor antibodies
Not naturally present in plasma
Must be introduced
Bad blood transfusion
No Rhogam
Blood donation
Type O Rh negative = universal donor
Type AB Rh positive = universal recipient
Erythoblastosis fetalis
(blood type of mother and baby are incompatible)
Hemolytic anemia=red blood cell’s destroyed faster than they can be made
Disorders of White blood cells
Leukopenia- abnormally low white blood count
Leukocytosis-Abnormally high white blood count
Leukemia-Cancer of the white blood cells
AIDS
Extremely low WBC
Infection
Extremely high WBC
B cells
Produces antibodies
Arise from stem cells
They are immature B cells in the liver and bone marrow before birth
Only in bone marrow in adults
Neutrophils
Immune defense phagocytosis first to arrive
Eosinophils
Parasites
Basophil
Inflammatory response
Mechanisms of innate defense skin and mucous membranes
Forms continuous wall separating interior and exterior environment
Inflammation
Fever May enhance immune reactions
Basophil
Produces heparin
Inhibits clotting
Secretes histamine
Inflammatory response
Albumin
Retains water in the blood
Secretions
Inhibit the activity of pathogens
Immune system molecules (proteins)
Cytokines: triggers response of innate /nonspecific immunity
Antibodies: are proteins normally present in body. Antibodies are imbedded in membranes of threatening cells. They combine with specific antigens
Complement: binding sites on antibodies, when they attach to antigens they attract to site of. Infection
Lymphatic system
Protects body from pathological bacteria, foreign tissues, and cancerous cells
Maintains fluid balance
Enhances immune system
Lymphatic system is a network of organs vessels and tissues that work together to move a colorless watery fluid back to the circulatory system protects you from infection and destroys old or abnormal cells.
Lymphatic system also absorbs fats and lipids
It collects excess Fluids from tissues and returns it to the bloodstream
Protects body against invaders 
Thymus
Small lymphoid tissue organ
Located in mediastinum
Vital and central role in immunity
Makes T cells
Max size at puberty. Shrinks with aging
Spleen
Largest lymphoid organ
Located in LUW
Other organs can duplicate its functions
Lateral to stomach
Often injured by trauma
Surgical removal is called splenectomy
It filters out bacteria
Destroys old blood cells
Acts as a blood reservoir
Lymphocytes B and T cells
Most numerous of immune system cells
B cells: arise from stem cells in bone marrow
Stem cells become immature B cells in the liver and bone marrow
Only in bone marrow in adults
Crucial for development of antibodies
They reside in the lymph nodes
T cells: develop in the thymus
Then into blood, they then migrate to the lymph nodes where they reside
T and B cells receive signal from cytokines to activate
Tonsils
3 masses of lymphoid tissue
Palantine tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils-adenoids
Lingual tonsils
Subject to chronic infections
Enlargement of pharyngeal tonsils adenoids impair breathing
First line of defense from outside
Can be removed and antibiotics do not work
Adaptive/specific immunity
Specific protection against specific threats or toxic materials
IMMUNE MEMORY will stop second attack by same pathogen
1st time, disease symptoms occur and body fights
2nd time no serious symptoms
Can be natural or artificial (vaccinations)
Natural exposure
Not deliberate
Active immunity
Active desease
Passive immunity
Passes from pregnant person to fetus thru placenta
Lymphatic capillaries- Blind ended tubes in tissue spaces (dead end)
Most nutrients travel through pores In capillaries so body can absorb them. Some molecules and fats are too large. Blood plasma filters out of capillaries and into spaces between tissue cells (interstitial fluid). This fluid inters tubes In the tissue spaces (part of lymphatic vessels) the lymphatic capillaries which prevents accumulation of too much tissue fluid. It is now called lymph
Primary lymphatic structures
Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct
Thoracic duct
Largest lymphatic vessel
Drains lymph from 3/4s of body
Right lymphatic duct
Drains lymph from right upper extremity and right side of head neck and upper torso
Cisterns chili aka thoracic duct
Enlarged pouch like structure
Lymphatic nodes
Cervical lymph nodes
Submandibular nodes
Axillary lymph nodes
Parasternal (near sternum)nodes
Inguinal (groin) lymph nodes
Popliteal lymph nodes
Lymph nodes
Filter bacteria (via phagocytosis) from the lymph fluid. This prevents infections from spreading. Bacteria, cancer cells, and infected cells are prevented from entering the bloodstream. Nodes are located along pathway of lymphatic vessel. Nodes appear in clusters. Filtered fluid then moves into venous blood
Antibodies
Made by the body when stimulated by an antigen
Reacts with the antigen that stimulated it
Causes antigens to agglutinate
O negative
Universal donor
Universal recipient
ABpositive
Leukocytes
Our defense system
NO HEMOGLOBIN
Leukocytosis
High WBC count. s/s of infect or blood cancer
Granular leukocytes
Absorb stain in lab
Monocytes
Immune response phagocytosis
