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Lpn > Ch 9 Nervous System > Flashcards

Ch 9 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

CNS organs

A

Brain and spinal cord
Protected by skull and vertebral colum

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2
Q

Brain

A

Brain stem
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebrum

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3
Q

Spinal cord

A

Gray matter-unmyelated axons and dendrites
White matter-myelated bundles of axon

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system PNS

A

3 functional divisions
Somatic nervous system -motor nerves
Sensory nerves-they sense/feel things
ANS autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

A subdivision of peripheral nervous system
Extending to outlying parts of body
Structure’s that regulate involuntary/automatic functions such as heart rate, contractions of the stomach and intestines

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6
Q

Primary function of the nervous system

A

Controls cells in the body in coordination with the endocrine system transmits info rapidly via nerve impulses
Controls other body systems integrate information
Coordinates the body cells and systems to maintain homeostasis

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7
Q

(PNS) 31 pairs of spinal nerves between vertabrae

A

Conduct impulses necessary for sensation and voluntary movement
8- cervical spine
12-thoracic
5-lumbar
5-sacral
1-coccyx

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8
Q

(PNS) Dermatomes

A

Skin surface areas that are supplied by a single spinal nerve

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9
Q

Sympathetic nervous system Sub division of ANS

A

Sub division of ANS
Fight or Flight
Functions as an emergency system
When we exercise strenuously
when strong emotions anger, fear, hate are exhibited impulse of sympathetic fibers take control of many internal organs
The heart beats faster, blood vessels constrict, causing blood pressure to increase. Blood vessels in skeletal muscles dilate.(supplying muscles with more blood)
Sweat glands and adrenal glands secrete more. salivary and other digestive glands secrete more sparingly.
peristalsis becomes sluggish hampering digestion
This involves many organs

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10
Q

parasympathetic nervous system
Subdivision of ANS

A

Dominates under normal every day conditions/Normal every day visceral functions (at peace)
Counter balances the sympathetic system
Sub division of the ANS
your heart beat slows down
peristalsis increases
there’s an increase in secretion of digestive juices and insulin

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11
Q

Structures of the autonomic nervous system

A

Motor neurons Conduct impulses from the CNS to visceral effectors(following kinds of tissues)
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Glands

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12
Q

(PNS) 12 pair of cranial nerves

A

Attached to the underside of the brain
Connect the brain with: face and neck
Some structures of the thorax(chest) and abdomen

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13
Q

Shingles

A

Viral infection caused by same virus that causes chicken pox painful rash
Shingles will follow linear pattern
It is attached to nerves

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14
Q

Automatic nervous system/ Autonomic
Functions

A

Regulates the body’s automatic involuntary functions in ways that:
maintains homeostasis
OR QUICKLY RESTORES HOMEOSTASIS
Many internal organs are dually innervated by the ANS in other words they receive fibers from both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic divisions

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15
Q

Bolded. Meditation

A

Decreased sympathetic activity
Creates a group of changes to oppose fight or flight response

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16
Q

Cells of the nervous system (Needed to perform life)

A

Neurons: nerve cells carry/conduct impulses
Glia: (glue) holds cells together and protects/supports them
Holds neurons together
Glioma: common brain CA

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17
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Afferent neurons: carry impulses TO brain and spinal cord
Sense detect or feel things

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18
Q

Motor neurons/ efferent neurons

A

Efferent neurons: Exiting brain and spinal cord
Move things: chewing and swallowing
Muscles and hormones
Can be Automatic or involuntary
Conduct impulses to muscles and glands

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19
Q

Interneurons

A

Conduct impulses from sensory to motor neurons
Or amongst connecting interneurons

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20
Q

3 Main parts of a Neuron

A

Dendrites: branching projections that conduct impulses to cell body
Cell body
Axon: enlongated projection that conducts impulses away from cell body

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21
Q

Peripheral neuron cell

A

Myelin insulation (Schwann cell)

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22
Q

Stimulus/ response

A
23
Q

Astrocytes (hedden mentioned)

A

Form blood/brain barrier

24
Q

Microglia (hedden mentioned)

A

Smaller than astrocytes

25
Q

Structure of a neuron. MYELIN

A

Myelin is wrapped around the axon
Not every axon has myelin
Segmented
Multiple sclerosis is a myelin disorder

26
Q

Structure of a neuron. Schwann cells (type of peripheral glia)

A

Form the myelin sheath in the PNS

27
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps between adjacent Schwann cells

28
Q

Reflexes aka reflex Arcs

A

Reflex are like one way streets
They allow impulse conduction in only one direction
Nerve impulsegoes from receptor to effector
Effectors create the INVOLUNTARY effect: muscles and glands
A nerve impulse/action potential on a reflex arc results in a reflex
(knee jerk)

29
Q

2- neuron reflex arc

A

Simplest form of a two neuron reflex arc
Sensory neuron near the spinal cord
Meets a motor neuron
Knee jerk is a 2 neuron r3flex arc

30
Q

3- Neuron reflex arcs

A

Sensory neuron
Interneuron in the spinal cord
Motor neuron
An example: withdrawal reflex

31
Q

What is a nerve

A

Bundle of peripheral axons
Usually have a myelin sheath
Myelin makes them look white
More than one neuron (a bundle or a bunch)
In the CNS, a bundle of axons is called a tract

32
Q

Nerve signals/Nerve impulse/Action potential

A

All mean essentially the same thing
Move very fast…..faster than hormones of the endocrine system
No nerve impulse/no life

33
Q

How does a nerve impulse/action potential move?

A

Self propagating wave of electrical disturbance
Travels along the surface of a neuron membrane
If the impulse hits Myelin it jumps forward to the next myelinated section
Myelinated nerves send information quicker than unmyelinated

34
Q

Mechanisms of a nerve impulse-=resting membrane potential-Polarized

A

There is a difference in the CHARGES around a nerve
Slightly more positive on the outside(polarized)
When the nerve is stimulated sodium ions move across the neurons membrane

35
Q

Mechanisms of a nerve impulse-Depolarization

A

Depolarization= Action potential= Nerve fires
The inside becomes more positive than the outside

36
Q

Repolarization

A

Happens immediately
Outside becomes more positive again
Goes back to its resting potential

37
Q

From one nerve to the next

A

Synapse: place where impulses are transmitted from one neuron to the next
Neurotransmitters:unlock the doors to the next neuron
Open channels
Are chemicals
Allow neurons to commune with each other

38
Q

Components of synapse

A
39
Q

Examples of neurotransmitters- chemicals that allow neurons to communicate

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)
Amines (formerly known as catecholamines)
Norepinephrine (as a medication used to increase and maintain blood pressure)
Dopamine (feelings of pleasure)
Serotonin- happy chemical (medicines that increase serotonin can help with depression)
Endorphins- body makes (body’s natural pain killers Released when body feels pain or stress)
Enkephalins (Released in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and inhibit pain fibers) morphine like
Nitric oxide (NO) - 30% Nitrous oxide delivered by full mask is equivalent to 10 to 15 mg of morphine

40
Q

Central glia (neuralgia)

A

Supported cells
Bringing the cells of nervous tissue together
Structurally and functionally

41
Q

3 main types of glial cells in the CNS

A

Astrocytes- anchor
They are star shaped cells
Anchor small blood vessels to neurons

Microglia- clean up
Small cells that remove inflamed brain tissue via phogocytosis

Oligodendrocytes
Form myelin sheaths in the CNS—Schwann cell in the PNS

42
Q

What’s a tract

A

A bundle of CENTRAL axons
White matter- primarily myelinated axons
Gray matter-primarily cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

In the peripheral nervous system (PNS) a bundle of axons is called a nerve

43
Q

Meninges

A

Brain is protected by skull/ cranium
Spinal cord is protected by vertebrae
Both are protected by 3 layers of meninges
PIA matter-inner most layer
ARACHNOID matter-between pia and dura
DURA matter-outer layer

(Bolded) fluid spaces-between layers
Around the spinal cord
Ventricles in brain

44
Q

Divisions of the brain

A

Brain stem
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebrum

45
Q

Brain stem 3 parts

A

Medulla oblong at a
Pons
Midbrain

Conducts impulses to higher parts of brain
From higher parts of brain to spinal cord

46
Q

Cerebellum

A

Second largest part of brain
Folded it to make a large surface area
Located under occipital lobe of the cerebrum

Essential for normal movement
Coordinated muscle movements
Balance


47
Q

The emotional brain

A

Amygdala
Hippocampus
Diencephalon- between midbrain and cerebrum

48
Q

Diencephalon

A

Small but important
3 major divisions
Hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal gland

49
Q

Hypothalamus (Controls automatic nervous system)

A

Located below thalamus
Posterior pituitary gland and pituitary stalk
Control center for automatic nervous system (ANS)
Helps to control most of the internal organs
Hormone secretion
Body temperature
Appetite
Wakefulness
Pleasure

50
Q

Central nervous system regions

A
51
Q

Thalamus

A

Dumbbell shaped is a sensation pleasant or unpleasant?
Arousal
Emotions
Alerting
Regulates level of consciousness

52
Q

Pineal gland

A

Size of a pine nut
Behind thalamus
Time keeping hormone (melatonin)
Response to changing levels of outside light

53
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of human brain
Upper most part
Cerebral cortex
Regulates automatic movements and posture
Mental processes of all types: Sensations, consciousness, memory, voluntary control of movements

54
Q

Spinal cord

A

Outer portion-two way conduction path (afferent & efferent)
Bundles of myelinated nerve fibers (tracts)

Interior portion
Gray matter- Mostly neuron dendrites and cell bodies unmyelinated
Average length -17-18 inches

Responsible for reflexes
Has both
Sensory tracks: Impulses to the brain
Motor tracks: impulses from the brain
Severed spinal cord: Impulses can’t travel to the brain from any part of the body below the injury

Lpn (18 decks)

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