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Ch 9 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

CNS organs

A

Brain and spinal cord
Protected by skull and vertebral colum

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2
Q

Brain

A

Brain stem
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebrum

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3
Q

Spinal cord

A

Gray matter-unmyelated axons and dendrites
White matter-myelated bundles of axon

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system PNS

A

3 functional divisions
Somatic nervous system -motor nerves
Sensory nerves-they sense/feel things
ANS autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

A subdivision of peripheral nervous system
Extending to outlying parts of body
Structure’s that regulate involuntary/automatic functions such as heart rate, contractions of the stomach and intestines

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6
Q

Primary function of the nervous system

A

Controls cells in the body in coordination with the endocrine system transmits info rapidly via nerve impulses
Controls other body systems integrate information
Coordinates the body cells and systems to maintain homeostasis

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7
Q

(PNS) 31 pairs of spinal nerves between vertabrae

A

Conduct impulses necessary for sensation and voluntary movement
8- cervical spine
12-thoracic
5-lumbar
5-sacral
1-coccyx

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8
Q

(PNS) Dermatomes

A

Skin surface areas that are supplied by a single spinal nerve

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9
Q

Sympathetic nervous system Sub division of ANS

A

Sub division of ANS
Fight or Flight
Functions as an emergency system
When we exercise strenuously
when strong emotions anger, fear, hate are exhibited impulse of sympathetic fibers take control of many internal organs
The heart beats faster, blood vessels constrict, causing blood pressure to increase. Blood vessels in skeletal muscles dilate.(supplying muscles with more blood)
Sweat glands and adrenal glands secrete more. salivary and other digestive glands secrete more sparingly.
peristalsis becomes sluggish hampering digestion
This involves many organs

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10
Q

parasympathetic nervous system
Subdivision of ANS

A

Dominates under normal every day conditions/Normal every day visceral functions (at peace)
Counter balances the sympathetic system
Sub division of the ANS
your heart beat slows down
peristalsis increases
there’s an increase in secretion of digestive juices and insulin

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11
Q

Structures of the autonomic nervous system

A

Motor neurons Conduct impulses from the CNS to visceral effectors(following kinds of tissues)
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Glands

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12
Q

(PNS) 12 pair of cranial nerves

A

Attached to the underside of the brain
Connect the brain with: face and neck
Some structures of the thorax(chest) and abdomen

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13
Q

Shingles

A

Viral infection caused by same virus that causes chicken pox painful rash
Shingles will follow linear pattern
It is attached to nerves

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14
Q

Automatic nervous system/ Autonomic
Functions

A

Regulates the body’s automatic involuntary functions in ways that:
maintains homeostasis
OR QUICKLY RESTORES HOMEOSTASIS
Many internal organs are dually innervated by the ANS in other words they receive fibers from both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic divisions

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15
Q

Bolded. Meditation

A

Decreased sympathetic activity
Creates a group of changes to oppose fight or flight response

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16
Q

Cells of the nervous system (Needed to perform life)

A

Neurons: nerve cells carry/conduct impulses
Glia: (glue) holds cells together and protects/supports them
Holds neurons together
Glioma: common brain CA

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17
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Afferent neurons: carry impulses TO brain and spinal cord
Sense detect or feel things

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18
Q

Motor neurons/ efferent neurons

A

Efferent neurons: Exiting brain and spinal cord
Move things: chewing and swallowing
Muscles and hormones
Can be Automatic or involuntary
Conduct impulses to muscles and glands

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19
Q

Interneurons

A

Conduct impulses from sensory to motor neurons
Or amongst connecting interneurons

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20
Q

3 Main parts of a Neuron

A

Dendrites: branching projections that conduct impulses to cell body
Cell body
Axon: enlongated projection that conducts impulses away from cell body

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21
Q

Peripheral neuron cell

A

Myelin insulation (Schwann cell)

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22
Q

Stimulus/ response

23
Q

Astrocytes (hedden mentioned)

A

Form blood/brain barrier

24
Q

Microglia (hedden mentioned)

A

Smaller than astrocytes

25
Structure of a neuron. MYELIN
Myelin is wrapped around the axon Not every axon has myelin Segmented Multiple sclerosis is a myelin disorder
26
Structure of a neuron. Schwann cells (type of peripheral glia)
Form the myelin sheath in the PNS
27
Nodes of Ranvier
Gaps between adjacent Schwann cells
28
Reflexes aka reflex Arcs
Reflex are like one way streets They allow impulse conduction in only one direction Nerve impulsegoes from receptor to effector Effectors create the INVOLUNTARY effect: muscles and glands A nerve impulse/action potential on a reflex arc results in a reflex (knee jerk)
29
2- neuron reflex arc
Simplest form of a two neuron reflex arc Sensory neuron near the spinal cord Meets a motor neuron Knee jerk is a 2 neuron r3flex arc
30
3- Neuron reflex arcs
Sensory neuron Interneuron in the spinal cord Motor neuron An example: withdrawal reflex
31
What is a nerve
Bundle of peripheral axons Usually have a myelin sheath Myelin makes them look white More than one neuron (a bundle or a bunch) In the CNS, a bundle of axons is called a tract
32
Nerve signals/Nerve impulse/Action potential
All mean essentially the same thing Move very fast…..faster than hormones of the endocrine system No nerve impulse/no life
33
How does a nerve impulse/action potential move?
Self propagating wave of electrical disturbance Travels along the surface of a neuron membrane If the impulse hits Myelin it jumps forward to the next myelinated section Myelinated nerves send information quicker than unmyelinated
34
Mechanisms of a nerve impulse-=resting membrane potential-Polarized
There is a difference in the CHARGES around a nerve Slightly more positive on the outside(polarized) When the nerve is stimulated sodium ions move across the neurons membrane
35
Mechanisms of a nerve impulse-Depolarization
Depolarization= Action potential= Nerve fires The inside becomes more positive than the outside
36
Repolarization
Happens immediately Outside becomes more positive again Goes back to its resting potential
37
From one nerve to the next
Synapse: place where impulses are transmitted from one neuron to the next Neurotransmitters:unlock the doors to the next neuron Open channels Are chemicals Allow neurons to commune with each other
38
Components of synapse
39
Examples of neurotransmitters- chemicals that allow neurons to communicate
Acetylcholine (ACh) Amines (formerly known as catecholamines) Norepinephrine (as a medication used to increase and maintain blood pressure) Dopamine (feelings of pleasure) Serotonin- happy chemical (medicines that increase serotonin can help with depression) Endorphins- body makes (body’s natural pain killers Released when body feels pain or stress) Enkephalins (Released in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and inhibit pain fibers) morphine like Nitric oxide (NO) - 30% Nitrous oxide delivered by full mask is equivalent to 10 to 15 mg of morphine
40
Central glia (neuralgia)
Supported cells Bringing the cells of nervous tissue together Structurally and functionally
41
3 main types of glial cells in the CNS
Astrocytes- anchor They are star shaped cells Anchor small blood vessels to neurons Microglia- clean up Small cells that remove inflamed brain tissue via phogocytosis Oligodendrocytes Form myelin sheaths in the CNS—Schwann cell in the PNS
42
What’s a tract
A bundle of CENTRAL axons White matter- primarily myelinated axons Gray matter-primarily cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers In the peripheral nervous system (PNS) a bundle of axons is called a nerve
43
Meninges
Brain is protected by skull/ cranium Spinal cord is protected by vertebrae Both are protected by 3 layers of meninges PIA matter-inner most layer ARACHNOID matter-between pia and dura DURA matter-outer layer (Bolded) fluid spaces-between layers Around the spinal cord Ventricles in brain
44
Divisions of the brain
Brain stem Cerebellum Diencephalon Cerebrum
45
Brain stem 3 parts
Medulla oblong at a Pons Midbrain Conducts impulses to higher parts of brain From higher parts of brain to spinal cord
46
Cerebellum
Second largest part of brain Folded it to make a large surface area Located under occipital lobe of the cerebrum Essential for normal movement Coordinated muscle movements Balance 
47
The emotional brain
Amygdala Hippocampus Diencephalon- between midbrain and cerebrum
48
Diencephalon
Small but important 3 major divisions Hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal gland
49
Hypothalamus (Controls automatic nervous system)
Located below thalamus Posterior pituitary gland and pituitary stalk Control center for automatic nervous system (ANS) Helps to control most of the internal organs Hormone secretion Body temperature Appetite Wakefulness Pleasure
50
Central nervous system regions
51
Thalamus
Dumbbell shaped is a sensation pleasant or unpleasant? Arousal Emotions Alerting Regulates level of consciousness
52
Pineal gland
Size of a pine nut Behind thalamus Time keeping hormone (melatonin) Response to changing levels of outside light
53
Cerebrum
Largest part of human brain Upper most part Cerebral cortex Regulates automatic movements and posture Mental processes of all types: Sensations, consciousness, memory, voluntary control of movements
54
Spinal cord
Outer portion-two way conduction path (afferent & efferent) Bundles of myelinated nerve fibers (tracts) Interior portion Gray matter- Mostly neuron dendrites and cell bodies unmyelinated Average length -17-18 inches  Responsible for reflexes Has both Sensory tracks: Impulses to the brain Motor tracks: impulses from the brain Severed spinal cord: Impulses can’t travel to the brain from any part of the body below the injury

Lpn (18 decks)

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