Fluids and electrolytes

Question 1

What are crystalloids? Do they have proteins?

Answer 1

These are solutions that have fluids and electrolytes that are typically in the body. They do not contain proteins in them.

Question 2

What are the seven types of crystalloids, and are they isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic?

Answer 2

Normal saline, hypertonic saline, 3.3%dextrose and 0.3% NS, lactated ringer solution, dextrose 5% in water, D5W, and 0.45% NS.

Question 3

What are the most significant indications for crystalloids?

Answer 3

Burns, shock, DVT, liver failure, liver disease, anaphylaxis

Question 4

What are the main adverse effects of crystalloids?

Answer 4

They can cause edema, dilute plasma protein, and worsen alkalosis or acidosis.

Question 5

What are colloids?

Answer 5

These are protein substances that increase colloid oncotic pressure,

Question 6

What are the adverse effects for colloids?

Answer 6

May alter coagulation, causing an increased risk of bleeding.

Question 7

What is the primary type of colloid? \

Answer 7

Albumin is the primary example of colloid and it is a natural protein made by the liver and makes up most of the colloid oncotic pressure. It is harvested by pooling blood.

Question 8

What are blood products?

Answer 8

This is donated blood that is used to carry oxygen within the patient. it is the most expensive.

Question 9

What effect do blood products have on colloid osmotic pressure, and what are the four examples?

Answer 9

They increase colloid osmotic pressure and plasma volume. Cryoprecipitate and plasma protein, and fresh frozen plasma, PRBC, whole blood

Question 10

What is the indication for cryoprecipitate plasma protein factors?

Answer 10

They are used to manage acute bleeding

Question 11

What is an indication of fresh frozen plasma?

Answer 11

It increases the clotting factors in patients with deficiencies in clotting factors.

Question 12

What are the indications for a giving packed red blood cells?

Answer 12

This could be given to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity in a patient with anemia, hemoglobin deficit, or huge loss of blood

Question 13

What is the indication for giving whole blood and what is the difference with this and packed RBCs

Answer 13

For anemia, hemoglobin deficit, and really huge blood loss. Its main difference is it can be used for blood loss greater than 25%.

Question 14

What are the main adverse effects of blood products

Answer 14

Anaphylaxis, transmission of pathogen

Question 15

What is the principle ECF and ICF electrolyte?

Answer 15

The main ECF electrolyte is sodium and the main ICF electrolyte is potassium.

Question 16

What is the measure for potassium outside the cell?

Answer 16

The range is 3.5 to 5 mmol/L

Question 17

What food sources are potassium derived from, and what does excess potassium cause?

Answer 17

Food sources are bananas, oranges, apricots, dates, raisins, broccoli, potatoes. High levels of potassium can impair the kidney

Question 18

What is a serious drug interaction for potassium?

Answer 18

Low levels of potassium (hypokalemia) can cause digoxin toxicity causing really low pulse and ventricular dysrhythmias

Question 19

What does potassium do in the body?

Answer 19

Muscle contraction, nerve impulses, heart contractions, acid-base balance,

Question 20

What is the main indication for potassium?

Answer 20

Treatment of hypokalemia or low potassium due to inadequate diet

Question 21

What is the main adverse effect of potassium?

Answer 21

Cardiac arrest if the dose is too high

Question 22

What is the treatment for severe hyperkalemia?

Answer 22

IV sodium bicarbonate, sodium polystyrene sulphonate, and hemodialysis.

Question 23

What is the normal concentration for sodium outside the cells?

Answer 23

135-145 mmol/L

Question 24

What is low levels of sodium called and what causes it?

Answer 24

Low levels is called hyponatremia. Burns, excessive perspiration, severe vomiting, and diarrhea cause it.

Question 25

What are the symptoms of hypernatremia, and what causes it?

Answer 25

Symptoms are edema, hypertension. It is caused by dehydration, and kidney malfunction

Question 26

What is the main indication for sodium?

Answer 26

Sodium depletion

Question 27

Do infants or adults have more body water

Answer 27

Infants have more body water, and this is significant because if they don’t have enough, they can become dehydrated much easier

Question 28

What is the biggest colloid within the blood?

Answer 28

Albumin is the biggest colloid in the blood and causes the most colloid oncotic pressure so it is important to have it so that we don’t have fluid seeping out of the blood vessels

Question 29

What are the differences between hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic?

Answer 29

Hypertonic means there is not a lot of sodium within the blood vessels so blood vessels shrivel up, hypotonic is when there is a loss of salt, and isotonic

Question 30

What are examples of colloids and what is the main reason for using it?

Answer 30

Albumin 5% or 25%, dextran 40 or 70, and hetastarch. The main reason for using this is for malnourishment.

Question 31

What are the main adverse effects for sodium?

Answer 31

It may cause convulsions and issues with the CNS.

Question 32

Which solution should the nurse administer with packed red blood cell

Answer 32

They should be given with 90% normal saline.