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PH 166 > Fluid & Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid & Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Which is false?
A.the older you are, the more water you have
B.the fatter you are, the less water you have
C.BOTA
D.NOTA

A

A

Kids have more water

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2
Q

Differentiate content of extracellular fluid fr intracellular fluid

A

Extracellular - Na, Cl, HCO3-

Intracellular - K, Ca, Mg, phosphate, sulfate

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3
Q

Which is false?
A.Hydrostat pressure drives fluid into lymph vessels, from plasma
B.Osmotic pressure causes return of fluid to plasma
C.Osm pressure regulates fluid cell mvmt
D.NOTA

A

D

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4
Q 
Which does not pass through pores of fenestrated capillaries / bet adj endothelial cells?
A.electrolytes
B.large water-sol cpd
C.lipid-sol cpd
D.plasma protein
A

D

Liver sinusoids sila

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5
Q 
Which passes through pores of fenestrated capillaries?
A.electrolytes
B.large water-sol cpd
C.lipid-sol cpd
D.plasma protein
A

B

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6
Q 
Which passes through channels in plasma membrane?
A.electrolytes
B.large water-sol cpd
C.lipid-sol cpd
D.plasma protein

(Pwede more than 1 answer)

A

A and C

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7
Q

How is osmolality measured via osmometer? (What concept)

A

Freezing pt depression

Vapor pressure depression

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8
Q

Most accurate measurement parameter for osmolality

A

24hr urine osmolality

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9
Q

Four parameters maintained in fluid-electrolyte balance

A

Volume
Osmolality/osmolarity
Conc of indiv ions
pH of body fluid

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10
Q

Which is false?
A.A decrease in ECF osmotic pressure due to water loss stimulates osmoreceptors @ thirst center
B.Stretch receptors send nerve impulses to inhibit thirst center once there is water gain
C.Hypothalamus - thirst center

A

A

Increase ang osmotic pressure ng ECF pag water loss

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11
Q

Which is false?
A. Renal tubules in charge of water reabsorption
B. Anterior pituitary releases vasopressin
C. 1-2% increase in osmolality –> fourfold increase in ADH
D. Water gain decreases ECF conc

A

B

Posterior dapat

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12
Q 
Which does not affect blood volume?
A.atrial natriuretic peptide
B.volume receptor
C.GFR
D.NOTA
A

D

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13
Q

False about tonicity
A. Measure of osmotic pressure gradient of two solutions sep by semiperm membrane
B. Commonly used in describing response of cells immersed in an ext solution
C. Influenced by all solute

A

C

Influenced only by solutes that cannot cross the membrane as these only exert osmotic pressure

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14
Q

Membrane sep ICF vs ECF : (a)

Membrane sep interstitial fluid vs plasma: (b)

A

(A)cell membrane

(B)capillary wall

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15
Q

K+ : ICF’s osmotically active solute. Regulated by: __

A

Na+-K+ ATPase

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16
Q

Na+: ECF osmotically active solute. Regulated by: __

A

Kidney sodium handling

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17
Q

Protein: plasma volume’s osmotically active solute. Regulated by: __

A

Albumin metabolism

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18
Q

Major electrolytes na cations: enumerate

A

Potassium
Sodium
Magnesium
Calcium

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19
Q

Major electrolytes na anions: enumerate

A

Bicarbonate
Chloride
Phosphate

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20
Q

Which is true?
A. Most of metab are dep on electrolyte balance
B. Assays are done on whole blood
C. Electrolytes are distributed equally on intracellular & extracellular spaces
D. NOTA

A

A

B-serum, plasma
C-unequally

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21
Q

Which is false?
A. Intracellular space has high Na & low K, Cl, HCO3-
B. Intracellular space has high Na & K, low Cl, HCO3-
C. Extracellular space has high Cl, HCO3-, Na & low K
D. Extracellular space has low HCO3-, high Na, Cl, K

A

C

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22
Q 
Which is false?
A. Sodium - body water distribution
B. Potassium - muscular activity
C. Chloride - blood pH
D. NOTA
A

C

Bicarbonate dapat

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23
Q

enumerate the three processes taking care of electrolyte control

A

diffusion
Active transport
Osmosis

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24
Q

Identify

Mathematic calculation of the diff bet cation and anion conc

A

Anion gap

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25
Q 
Which condition does not cause increased anion gap?
A. Uremia
B. Diabetic ketosis
C. Alkalosis
D. Starvation
A

C

Acidosis dapat

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26
Q

Processes impt to plasma Na+ regulation. Enumerate

A

Excretion of water
Blood volume regulation
Water intake (thirst)

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27
Q

Hormones affecting sodium conc: enumerate

A

Aldosterone

Atrial natriuretic factor

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28
Q 
The ff happen & hyponatremia except
A.SIADH
B.adrenal failure
C.diuretics
D.dehydration
A

D

Overhydration dapat

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29
Q 
Urine Na+ >= 20 mmol/day. Water retention will be due to
A.congestive heart failure
B.liver cirrhosis
C.nephrotic syndrome
D.chronic renal failure
A

D

The rest are reasons when urine Na

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30
Q 
Answer L if low, N if normal, H if high osmolality
A.increased Na loss
B.mannitol infusion
C.hyperlipidemia
D.multiple myeloma
A

A. L
B. H
C. N
D. N

31
Q 
Answer L if low, N if normal, H if high osmolality
A.hypercalcemia
B.increased water retention
C.hyperglycemia
D.hypermagnesemia
A

A. N
B. L
C. H
D. N

32
Q

Conivaptan is used for two kinds of hyponatremia. Enumerate

A

Euvolemic

Hypervolemic

33
Q

False about pseudohyponatremia
A.usually caused by lack of lipids in serum
B. No sodium ions dissolved in lipids, which can take up a considerable volume of serum
C. Eliminated by use of ion-selective electrodes
D. NOTA

A

A

Excessive dapat

34
Q 
Excess of the ff (except 1) can cause hypernatremia. Pick the odd one out
A. Dialysis fluid
B. Water
C. Aldosterone
D. Sodium bicarbonate
35
Q

Why should hypernatremia be corrected gradually?

A

Rapid correction may cause cerebral edema & death

36
Q 
Specimens used for sodium include all except
A.serum
B.stool
C.heparinized plasma
D.urine
37
Q 
Methods for Na & K det include all except:
A.emission flame photometry
B.gas-liquid chromatography
C.ion-selective electrode
D.colorimetry
A

B

Dapat atomic absorption spectrophotometry

38
Q

Enumerate 3 factors that affect potassium level

A

Exercise
Hyperosmolality
Cellular breakdown

39
Q 
Not a possible factor or cause of hypokalemia
A. Renal loss
B. Acidosis
C. Malabsorption
D. Acute leukemia
40
Q 
Not a possible factor or cause of hyperkalemia
A. Diuretics
B. Hemolysis
C. Insulin overdose
D. Excessive fist clench
41
Q

Identify method
Solutions containing alkali ions diluted with standard are aspirated into the flame, and the atoms emit light at one/more wavelengths

A

Emission flame photometry

42
Q

Identify method

Measures the amount of energy absorbed by Na, K rather than emitted

A

Atomic absorption flame spectrophotometry

43
Q

Which is false?
A.the amount of monochromatic light absorbed by sample in spectrophotometry is dir prop to conc
B.chloride conc varies directly with bicarbonate
C.chloride - anion with highest extracellular conc
D.chloride maintains electrical neutrality

A

B

Inverse dapat

44
Q 
Chloride conc is decreased in all except
A.Prolonged vomiting
B.Salicylate intoxication
C.Aldosterone deficiency
D.Salt-losing nephritis
45
Q 
Chloride conc is increased in all except
A.Renal tubular acidosis
B.Salicylate intoxication
C.Aldosterone deficiency
D.Diabetes insipidus
46
Q

Most commonly used method in determining chloride conc

A

Ion selective elctrode

47
Q 
Specimen used to det chloride
A.serum
B.plasma
C.urine
D.both A and B
E.both B and C
48
Q

Enumerate methods of determination

For chloride

A

Schales & Schales Titration Method
Coulometric method
Colorimetric method

49
Q

Enumerate the 2 colorimetric methods of determination For chloride. What is the similarity?

A

Autoanalyzer
Manual

Uses both mercuric thiocyanate since Cl has high affinity for Hg

50
Q 
Increased bicarbonate happens in which scene?
A. Metab acidosis, respi alkalosis
B. Metab alkalosis, respi acidosis
C. Metab acidosis, respi acidosis
D. Metab alkalosis, respi alkalosis
51
Q 
Decreased bicarbonate happens in which scene?
A. Metab acidosis, respi alkalosis
B. Metab alkalosis, respi acidosis
C. Metab acidosis, respi acidosis
D. Metab alkalosis, respi alkalosis
52
Q

Also called chloridometer principle
A.Schales & Schales Titration Method
B.Coulometric method
C.Colorimetric method

53
Q

Sample titrated with standardized mercuric nitrate solution
A.Schales & Schales Titration Method
B.Coulometric method
C.Colorimetric method

54
Q

Equation used to calculate bicarbonate @ blood

A

Henderson-Hasselbach equation

55
Q

Enumerate 2 methods of det for carbon dioxide

A

Ion-selective electrode

Enzymatic method

56
Q

Which is false?
A.to determine CO2, use EDTA as anticoagulant for blood sample
B.hypocalcemia can be a consequence of reduced plasma albumin
C.rate of charge in absorbance of NADH is proportional to concentration of bicarbonate
D.vitamin D may be administered to treat hypocalcemia

A

A

Dapat lithium heparin

57
Q 
Hypercalcemia causes include all except:
A.multiple myeloma
B.thiazide diuretics
C.alkalosis
D.cancer
58
Q 
Hypocalcemia causes include all except:
A.vitamin D deficit
B.thiazide diuretics
C.alkalosis
D.acute pancreatitjs
59
Q 
Which has low PTH, high Ca?
A.hypercalcemia of malignancy
B.secondary hyperparathyroidism
C.hypoparathyroidism
D.primary hyperparathyroidism
60
Q 
Which has low PTH, low Ca?
A.hypercalcemia of malignancy
B.secondary hyperparathyroidism
C.hypoparathyroidism
D.primary hyperparathyroidism
61
Q 
Which has high PTH, high Ca?
A.hypercalcemia of malignancy
B.secondary hyperparathyroidism
C.hypoparathyroidism
D.primary hyperparathyroidism
62
Q 
Which has high PTH, low Ca?
A.hypercalcemia of malignancy
B.secondary hyperparathyroidism
C.hypoparathyroidism
D.primary hyperparathyroidism
63
Q 
Not preferred specimen for Ca
A.CSF
B.lithium heparinized plasma
C.whole blood
D.24h urine
64
Q

Enumerate 3 diff methods for measuring calcium

A

Ortho-cresolphthaleib complexone dyes
Arsenazo III dye
Ion-selective electrode (liquid membrane)

65
Q

Which is false?
A.regulation is controlled by Henle’s loop
B.PTH increases renal absorption of Mg
C.Aldosterone decreases renal excretion of Mg2+
D.Thyroxine increases renal excretion of Mg2+

A

C

Increase din dapat

66
Q 
Not preferred specimen for Mg
A.Serum
B.lithium heparinized plasma
C.whole blood
D.24h urine
67
Q

Enum Mg det methods (general)

A

Colorimetric

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry

68
Q

Enum Mg det colorimetric methods

A

Calmagite
Formazan
Methylene blue

69
Q

Which is false?
A.phosphate deficiency affects affinity of Hb for oxygen
B.parathyroid hormone affects renal regulation of phosphate by lowering phosphate blood conc
C.excess Growth hormone causes increase in phosphate
D.vitamin D increases phosphate through absorption @ kidneys

70
Q

Which is false?
A.hemolysis of sample for phosphate must be avoided because of higher conc inside RBC
B.serum can be used for phosphate det
C.lithium heparin plasma may not be used for phosphate det
D.Phosphate is not affected by diurnal variation

A

D

highest level in late morning & lowest at Evening

71
Q

Complex formed in determining phosphate

A

Ammonium phosphomolybdate

72
Q 
Which electrolyte analyzer is used bedside
A. iSTAT
B. GEM
C. Osmotech
D. IRMA
73
Q 
Which electrolyte analyzer also measures blood gas
A. iSTAT
B. GEM
C. Osmotech
D. IRMA
74
Q 
Which electrolyte analyzer is @POCT setting & handheld
A. iSTAT
B. GEM
C. Osmotech
D. IRMA

PH 166 (28 decks)

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