First Aid pg 574 - 578 Reproductive

Question 1

Which phase of the menstrual cycle constant? How many days?

Answer 1

Follicular phase can vary in length. Luteal phase is 14 days.

Question 2

maintains endometrium to support implantation.

Answer 2

Progesterone

Question 3

stimulates endometrial proliferation.

Answer 3

Estrogen

Question 4

> 35-day cycle.

Answer 4

Oligomenorrhea

Question 5

What produces the estrogen surge in the luteal phase?

Answer 5

Corpus luteum

Question 6

secrete hCG after implantation? How many days after conception can it be detected in blood/urine?

Answer 6

Syncytiotrophoblasts secrete hCG, which is
detectable in blood 1 week after conception
and on home test in urine 2 weeks after
conception

Question 7

Physiologic adaptations in pregnancy

Answer 7

ƒƒ Inc cardiac output (inc preload, dec afterload,
 inc HR –> incŽ  placental and renal perfusion)
ƒƒ Anemia ( big INC plasma, inc RBCs–> dec viscosity)
ƒƒHypercoagulability (to dec blood loss at
delivery)
ƒƒHyperventilation (eliminate fetal CO2)

Question 8

Difference between Placental hormonal secretion of hcG vs other hormones?

Answer 8

Placental hormone secretion generally increases
over the course of pregnancy, but hCG peaks at
8–10 weeks.

Question 9

Which hormone acts like LH in beg states of pregnancy? What happens if there is not luteal cell stimulation?

Answer 9

hCG - Maintains corpus luteum (and thus progesterone) for first 8–10 weeks of pregnancy by acting like LH (otherwise no luteal cell stimulation –>Ž abortion).

Question 10

hcG has identical alpha subunit to which other hormones? Inc hcG can lead to, therefore, which endocrine issue?

Answer 10

Has identical α subunit as LH, FSH, TSH (states of  hCG can cause hyperthyroidism)

Question 11

hCG inc/dec when?

Answer 11

hCG is INC in multiple gestations, hydatidiform
moles, choriocarcinomas, and Down syndrome;
hCG is DEC in ectopic/failing pregnancy, Edward
syndrome, and Patau syndrome.

Question 12

APGAR score - what does it stand for? Score below for what is cause for concern?

Answer 12

Apgar score is based on Appearance,

Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration. Apgar scores

Question 13

What is contained in breast milk that aids in immunity? What additional supplementation is needed if a child is exclusively breastfed?

Answer 13

Contains maternal immunoglobulins
(conferring passive immunity; mostly IgA), macrophages, lymphocytes. Exclusively breastfed infants require vitamin D supplementation.

Question 14

Dec in which hormones post labor allows for lactation?

Answer 14

After labor, the dec in progesterone and estrogen disinhibits lactation.

Question 15

Why hirsuitism with menopause?

Answer 15

Source of estrogen (estrone)
after menopause becomes peripheral
conversion of androgens,  androgens
Ž hirsutism.

Question 16

Which hormone is inc with menopause?

Answer 16

INC FSH is specific for menopause (loss of

negative feedback on FSH due to dec estrogen

Question 17

Inc risk of what cardio disease with menopause?

Answer 17

Coronary art disease

Question 18

Menopause before 40 indicates what?

Answer 18

Premature ovarian failure

Question 19

Which androgen responsible for closure of epiphyseal plate?

Answer 19

Testosterone –> converted to estrogen

Question 20

What androgen responsible for prostate growth, balding, sebaceous glad activity?

Answer 20

DHT

Question 21

What drug dec conversion of Testosterone –> DHT? Used to Tx what disease?

Answer 21

Finasteride, BPH, hair loss for men

Question 22

Which of the developmental stages of spermiogenesis are haploid v diploid?

Answer 22

Diploid - Spermatogonium, primary spermatocyte

Haploid - 2ndary spermatocyte, spermatid, mature spermatozoon

Question 23

impaired sperm mobility is seen with what type of disease?

Answer 23

Any ciliary disease - like ciliary dyskenesia, Kartagener syndrome

Question 24

Coarse pubic hair sparing the thighs is what Tanner stage?

Answer 24

Stage 4 - once hair hits thighs, its stage 5

Question 25

At which stage does pubic hair first appear?

Answer 25

Tanner stage 2

Question 26

What stage is raised areola seen on breast mound?

Answer 26

Stage 4, when the areola flattens on a breast mound, stage 5

Question 27

tall, long extremities, gynecomastia, female

hair distribution

Answer 27

Klinefelter syndrome

Question 28

Which sex chr disorder is due to presence of inactive Barr body?

Answer 28

Klinefelter syndrome

Question 29

Which hormones are inc in both Klinefelter’s and Turners?

Answer 29

Both FSH and LH due to

Question 30

How is pregnancy possible in Turners?

Answer 30

Pregnancy is possible in some cases (IVF,

exogenous estradiol-17β and progesterone).

Question 31

Which disease is assoc with cystic hygroma?

Answer 31

Turner’s (lymph defects)

Question 32

Why are FSH and LH inc in Klinefelters?

Answer 32

Dysgenesis of seminiferous tubules –> dec
Ž  inhibin B Ž–> INC  FSH.
Abnormal Leydig cell function –> dec Ž  testosterone
Ž  –> inc LH –> INCŽ  estrogen.

Question 33

What sexual chr disorder can present with dec femoral pulse vs brachial?

Answer 33

Turners - due to coractation.

Question 34

May be associated with severe acne, learning disability, autism spectrum disorders.

Answer 34

Double Y males

Question 35

Both ovarian and testicular tissue present

(ovotestis); More likely to be xx or xy?

Answer 35

46,XX > 46,XY.