First Aid pg 574 - 578 Reproductive Flashcards
Which phase of the menstrual cycle constant? How many days?
Follicular phase can vary in length. Luteal phase is 14 days.
maintains endometrium to support implantation.
Progesterone
stimulates endometrial proliferation.
Estrogen
> 35-day cycle.
Oligomenorrhea
What produces the estrogen surge in the luteal phase?
Corpus luteum
secrete hCG after implantation? How many days after conception can it be detected in blood/urine?
Syncytiotrophoblasts secrete hCG, which is
detectable in blood 1 week after conception
and on home test in urine 2 weeks after
conception
Physiologic adaptations in pregnancy
Inc cardiac output (inc preload, dec afterload,
inc HR –> inc placental and renal perfusion)
Anemia ( big INC plasma, inc RBCs–> dec viscosity)
Hypercoagulability (to dec blood loss at
delivery)
Hyperventilation (eliminate fetal CO2)
Difference between Placental hormonal secretion of hcG vs other hormones?
Placental hormone secretion generally increases
over the course of pregnancy, but hCG peaks at
8–10 weeks.
Which hormone acts like LH in beg states of pregnancy? What happens if there is not luteal cell stimulation?
hCG - Maintains corpus luteum (and thus progesterone) for first 8–10 weeks of pregnancy by acting like LH (otherwise no luteal cell stimulation –> abortion).
hcG has identical alpha subunit to which other hormones? Inc hcG can lead to, therefore, which endocrine issue?
Has identical α subunit as LH, FSH, TSH (states of hCG can cause hyperthyroidism)
hCG inc/dec when?
hCG is INC in multiple gestations, hydatidiform
moles, choriocarcinomas, and Down syndrome;
hCG is DEC in ectopic/failing pregnancy, Edward
syndrome, and Patau syndrome.
APGAR score - what does it stand for? Score below for what is cause for concern?
Apgar score is based on Appearance,
Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration. Apgar scores
What is contained in breast milk that aids in immunity? What additional supplementation is needed if a child is exclusively breastfed?
Contains maternal immunoglobulins
(conferring passive immunity; mostly IgA), macrophages, lymphocytes. Exclusively breastfed infants require vitamin D supplementation.
Dec in which hormones post labor allows for lactation?
After labor, the dec in progesterone and estrogen disinhibits lactation.
Why hirsuitism with menopause?
Source of estrogen (estrone)
after menopause becomes peripheral
conversion of androgens, androgens
hirsutism.
Which hormone is inc with menopause?
INC FSH is specific for menopause (loss of
negative feedback on FSH due to dec estrogen
Inc risk of what cardio disease with menopause?
Coronary art disease
Menopause before 40 indicates what?
Premature ovarian failure
Which androgen responsible for closure of epiphyseal plate?
Testosterone –> converted to estrogen
What androgen responsible for prostate growth, balding, sebaceous glad activity?
DHT
What drug dec conversion of Testosterone –> DHT? Used to Tx what disease?
Finasteride, BPH, hair loss for men
Which of the developmental stages of spermiogenesis are haploid v diploid?
Diploid - Spermatogonium, primary spermatocyte
Haploid - 2ndary spermatocyte, spermatid, mature spermatozoon
impaired sperm mobility is seen with what type of disease?
Any ciliary disease - like ciliary dyskenesia, Kartagener syndrome
Coarse pubic hair sparing the thighs is what Tanner stage?
Stage 4 - once hair hits thighs, its stage 5
At which stage does pubic hair first appear?
Tanner stage 2
What stage is raised areola seen on breast mound?
Stage 4, when the areola flattens on a breast mound, stage 5
tall, long extremities, gynecomastia, female
hair distribution
Klinefelter syndrome
Which sex chr disorder is due to presence of inactive Barr body?
Klinefelter syndrome
Which hormones are inc in both Klinefelter’s and Turners?
Both FSH and LH due to
How is pregnancy possible in Turners?
Pregnancy is possible in some cases (IVF,
exogenous estradiol-17β and progesterone).
Which disease is assoc with cystic hygroma?
Turner’s (lymph defects)
Why are FSH and LH inc in Klinefelters?
Dysgenesis of seminiferous tubules –> dec
inhibin B –> INC FSH.
Abnormal Leydig cell function –> dec testosterone
–> inc LH –> INC estrogen.
What sexual chr disorder can present with dec femoral pulse vs brachial?
Turners - due to coractation.
May be associated with severe acne, learning disability, autism spectrum disorders.
Double Y males
Both ovarian and testicular tissue present
(ovotestis); More likely to be xx or xy?
46,XX > 46,XY.
