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Promotional Tests > Fire Officer Tactics: Terrorism Responses (Ch 22) > Flashcards

Fire Officer Tactics: Terrorism Responses (Ch 22) Flashcards

1
Q

Fire Service Advantage in detecting terrorist plots

A
  • We have immediate access to any building we respond to
  • People don’t usually have time to prepare, no time to hide evidence
  • Only government agency that routinely coducts inspections of existing structures
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2
Q

Potential indicators of ongoing terrorist activities

A

Protective clothing

  • Masks
  • Chemical suits
  • Rubber gloves

Lab equipment

  • Beakers or other glassware
  • Ice baths (glassware sitting in ice)
  • Petri dishes
  • Distillation equipment

Improvised ventilation equipment

  • Enclosed fume hoods
  • Glove boxes
  • Exhaust fans located near sinks, stoves, etc.

Precursor chemicals

  • Fertilizers containing ammonium nitrate, acetone, disel fuel, peroxides
  • Cyanides
  • Acids
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3
Q

Factors that make cities targets of terrorism

A
  • Large concentration of people
  • Immediate, worldwide media coverage likely
  • A large diverse community for terrorist to blend into
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4
Q

Locations that are more likely to be targeted

A
  • World landmarks
  • Financial institutions
  • Media and corporate headquarters
  • Ideological targets
  • Educational research labs
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5
Q

Al Queda specific targets

A
  • Energy facilities
  • Transportation facilities
  • Soft targets (hotels, apartment houses, places of worship)
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6
Q

Indicators of possible terrorist event when responding

A
  • Any recognizable landmark or building
  • Any response to a crowded public location (sporting events, theaters, etc.)
  • Any reports of people overcome by fumes or a chemical odor
  • Any response where two or more people are unconscious for unkown reason
  • Any quilding or site where an explosion has occurred
  • Any response where a threat or other intelligence indicates a motive
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7
Q

CBRNE definition

A
  • Chemical
  • Biological
  • Radiological
  • Nuclear
  • Explosive
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8
Q

Potential chemical agents

A
  • Nerve agents (sarin (BG), soman (GD), tuban (GA), VX, cyclosarin (GF))
  • Blister agents (mustard gas, (H, HD, HN), lewsite (L), phosgene exime (CX), HL, and HT
  • Choking agents (phosgene (CG), chlorine (CL)
  • Blood agents (hydrogen cyanide (AC), cyanogen chloride (CK)
  • Tear gases, crowd control (CS, Mace (CN))
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9
Q

Biological weapons

A
  • Viruses (hemorrhagic fevers, Marburg, Ebola, machupo, dengue fever, smallpox, encephalitis, yellow fever
  • Bacteria (anthrax, bubonic plague, tularemia, brucellosis)
  • Toxins (botulism, ricin, staphyloccus enterotoxin B (SEB))
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10
Q

Immediate priorities at explosion

A
  • Lifesaving
  • Control of imminent hazards (fire, secondary collapse) that threatens further loss of life
  • Rapid preliminary examination for likely cause
  • Disperse crowds of onlookers and avoid concentrations of responders (targets of secondary devices)
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11
Q

Fire department objectives at explosions

A
  • Protect safety of public and responders
  • Extinguishing resulting fires
  • Removal of entrapped persons
  • Triage, treatment, decontamination, transport of patients
  • Stabilizing other life-threatening conditions
  • Preservation, gathering, documentation of evidence
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12
Q

Fire Department actions at explosions

A
  • Resuce and evacuation of endangered persons
  • Monitoring for radiological or chemical agents
  • Triage, treatment, decon, transport of injurred persons
  • Safeguarding operating forces from further explosions or collapse
  • Extinugishment of fire
  • Mitigation of other life-threatening hazards (gas leaks, hazmat, power, etc.)
  • Conducting primary and secondary searches of all affected structures
  • Stabilization of collapsed/damaged structures to prevent further injury
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13
Q

Potential hazards at scene of explosion

A
  • Secondary explosions
  • Fire
  • Sturctural collapse
  • Hazmat release or exposure
  • Biological hazards or bloodborne pathogens
  • Ruptured gas, steam, water, sewer lines
  • Falling glass from surrounding buildings
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14
Q

Response condieration for terrorism awareness

A
  • Look for clues in debris (objects, type of damage, dispersal)
  • Note people in area (protective or concealing clothing, masks)
  • Beware of ambushes
  • Position apparatus
  • Check for hazards (hazmat, 4-gas monitoring)
  • Secure the area (PD search for secondary devices)
  • Maintain situational awareness
  • Maintain clear access routes in and out of the scene
  • Staging apparatus (secure, remote area)
  • Interagency coordination (communicate CP location, have other agencies send reps there)
  • Triage
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15
Q

Discovery of secondary device actions

A
  • Do not disturb anything
  • Do not use a radio or cell phone to report
  • Emmediately evacuate for at least 300’
  • Notify law enforcement
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16
Q

Command procedures at Chemical incidents

A
  • Establish ICS and CP
  • Order units to respond and approach with caution, obtain sit-rep fromeach to define perimeter
  • Oder all units other than first engine and ladder not to enter hazard area until determining if SCBA & bunkers will be safe
  • Define operational area
  • Isolate and deny entry
  • Control or limit ventilation of adjcent properties, shut down air intakes
  • Coordinate with LEO, request joint entry to search for secondary devices
  • Request security for decon, casualty collection points, safe area, area of refuge, CP, staging, and hazmat setup area
  • Develop preliminary operational plan and communicate it to all agencies
  • Announce locations of CP, decon, CCP, safe areas
  • Order engine companies to set up for gross decon in secure location away from hot zone (upwind, up hill) and have them announce location
  • Direct evacuees to decon area using loudspeakers, signs, barrier tape
  • Monitor time on air for all units, effect relief in time for decon
  • Monitor radiation as well as chemical levels
  • Call for additional resources
17
Q

Effectiveness of FF PPE in chemical attacks

A
  • Presence of living people indicates that the concentration of chemical agent in that area is not so high that it is likely to penetrate SCBA and PPE in the limited time this team should be in the area.
  • Full protected rescuer, operating near live victims should be able to perform rescues for up to 30 minutes without suffering serious effects provided proper decon is provided.
  • Only 3 minutes of protection if area has lethal concentration
18
Q

Steps if you hav eentered an attack site

A
  • Alert others of your situation, mask up if not already, transmit Mayday
  • Leave area immediately, do not walk through puddles or vapor clouds
  • Call for handline to decon
  • Strip off and isolate contaminated clothing while still breathing off of SCBA
  • Report to medical personnel after decon for examination, treatment, and monitoring
19
Q

Initial survey team

A
  • Provides initial recon for unknown odor area
  • SCBA, no uncovered skin
  • Bolt cutters, irons
  • Do not commit to area where only see unresponsive patients
  • If live, moving patients present, make rapid recon
  • Mark route with fireline tape or rope
  • ID source and nature of problem
  • Obtain number and severity of patients
  • Relay info to IC
  • Avoid physical contact with patients until after they’ve been deconned
  • Have walking wounded help those in worse shape to an ouside decon area
  • Do not attempt to remove unconscious patients
  • Facilitate egress, force gates, locks, fences to allow later teams fast access
  • If no live victims found retreat immediately and proceed directly to decon
  • On completion undergo emergency gross decon
  • Report to CP for debrief and prepare to brief other units on CAN report
20
Q

Indicators of chemical compounds if no detector available

A
  • Signs and symptoms of victims
  • Reports from escaping victims
  • Knowledge of room, area, or occupancy size
  • Airflow characteristics of room or occupancy
21
Q

Indications that rescue operation may be practical

A
  • 10 min or more has elapsed since release
  • Self-evacuation continues
  • Evacuated persons are paniced by not symptomatic
  • You observe living victims with nerve agent symptoms
  • Victims in line of sight near entrance/exit
  • Victims can be heard calling for help
  • Survivors indicate other viable victims nearby
  • No entrapment or traumatic injuries
  • Attack area is well ventilated
  • There is access to the area that will not impede evacuation
  • A decon site for rescuers is established
  • Can access attack area without going through high concentrations of agent
  • Units on scene trained to operate in terrorist-induced hazmat environment
  • RIT in CPC (chemical protective clothing) is immediately available on scene
  • No indication of secondary devices or booby traps
  • No HD mustard agent present (as indicated on detector paper)
22
Q

Indications that rescue may not be practical

A
  • Self-evacuation has ended
  • No living victim seen or heard
  • Survivors indicate no more viable victims in area
  • HD mustard agent present
23
Q

Indications that a defensive operation should be considered

A
  • This is a second attack or a pattern of attacks is currently occurring
  • Initial alarm unit personnel have already become casualties
  • Secondary attacks have occurred or are ongoing

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