Final review

Question 1

Graded potentials

Answer 1

1. Cell at rest, gates are closed
2. Stimulus opens gates
3. Na+ comes in and depolarizes the cell
   NOT TO THRESHOLD

Question 2

Type A neuron

Answer 2

Myelinated
Needs less ATP
Quick

Question 3

Type B neuron

Answer 3

Lightly myelinated
Medium speed

Question 4

Type C neuron

Answer 4

Unmyelinated
Slow

Question 5

Axon Hillock

Answer 5

Where EPSPs and IPSIs are integrated

Question 6

EPSP

Answer 6

Excitatory post synaptic potential
Temporary depolarization

Question 7

IPSP

Answer 7

Inhibitory post synaptic potential
Reduces action potential (hyperpolarizes it)

Question 8

Temporal Summation

Answer 8

Receive multiple stimuli from ONE presynaptic neuron

Question 9

Spatial summation

Answer 9

Receive multiple stimuli from MULTIPLE presynaptic neurons

Question 10

Most to common neuron type?

Answer 10

Multipolar
Brain and spinal cord

Question 11

Where can you find bipolar neurons?

Answer 11

Eyes
Nose
Ear

Question 12

When are unipolar neurons found?

Answer 12

After we die

Question 13

Midbrain

Answer 13

Top of brainstem
Process audiovisual info
Maintain consciousness

Question 14

What controls skeletal muscle movement?

Answer 14

Cerebrum

Question 15

Thalamus

Answer 15

Process/filter sensory info

Question 16

Hypothalamus

Answer 16

Emotions
Hormones
Body temperature
Autonomic centers

Question 17

Epithalamus

Answer 17

Secrete melatonin (pineal gland)
Regulate sleep
Sense of smell
Connect limbic system to other areas
Circadian rhythms

Question 18

Dura Mater

Answer 18

Stabilize and support brain

Question 19

Subdural space

Answer 19

Contains blood and fluid

Question 20

Arachnoid Mater

Answer 20

Arachnoid trabeculae
Support cerebral arteries and veins

Question 21

Subarachnoid space

Answer 21

Choroid plexus
Make CSF

Question 22

Pia Mater

Answer 22

Adheres to brain

Question 23

Blood brain barrier

Answer 23

Astrocyte perivascular feet
Capillary endothelial cells
CAN NOT PASS: large or polar (water soluble)

Question 24

Medulla Oblongata

Answer 24

Vasomotor function
Respiratory function
Autonomic function (HR, BP, Breathing)

Question 25

Frontal lobe

Answer 25

Voluntary movement Thinking Memory Social Skills Emotion Impulse control Problem solving

Question 26

Parietal lobe

Answer 26

Sensory input Body awareness Spatial coordination Object manipulation

Question 27

Temporal lobe

Answer 27

Auditory input Encoding memories

Question 28

Occipital lobe

Answer 28

Visual processing info Spatial reasoning Memory formation/storage

Question 29

Substantia Nigra

Answer 29

Controls body movements and chemical signaling Midbrain

Question 30

Basal Ganglia

Answer 30

Motor control (smooth movement) Motor learning

Question 31

Dorsal root ganglion

Answer 31

Made of cell bodies of sensory neurons Transmits sensory info form PNS to CNS Lateral to spinal column

Question 32

Ventral root

Answer 32

Motor nerve carries info from CNS to muscle

Question 33

Corticospinal (pyramidal) pathway

Answer 33

Voluntary muscle control

Question 34

Extrapyramidal Pathway

Answer 34

Involuntary movement Posture

Question 35

Spinocerebellar pathway

Answer 35

Unconscious proprioception from lower body and trunk to cerebellum

Question 36

Spinothalamic Pathway

Answer 36

Sensory info from skin to somatosensory area of thalamus

Question 37

Autonomic Nervous System Preganglion cells

Answer 37

Myelinated Long

Question 38

Autonomic Nervous System Postganglion cells

Answer 38

Unmyelinated Short

Question 39

cGMP

Answer 39

Dark: High levels to keep Na+ channels open, depolarize the cell Light: Low levels keep channels closed, Hyperpolarization

Question 40

Cis-retinal

Answer 40

Bound to rhodopsin Absorbs light Kickstart phototransduction

Question 41

Phototransduction

Answer 41

Converts light into electrical signal in retina

Question 42

Opsin

Answer 42

Light gated ion channel Absorb light at specific wavelengths

Question 43

Pons

Answer 43

Links medulla to thalamus Send signals between forebrain and cerebellum Taste, Touch, Communicate

Question 44

Precentral gyrus

Answer 44

Control voluntary movement

Question 44

Limbic system

Answer 44

Emotions, Motivation, Memory, Behavior Amygdala Hippocampus Thalamus Hypothalamus Basal Ganglia

Question 44

Post central gyrus

Answer 44

Maps sense of touch

Question 45

Superior Colliculus

Answer 45

Behavioral response to environmental stimuli Orient motor response Visuospatial attention Perceptual decision making Eye and head movements