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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal system structures

A

Bone
Cartilage
Ligaments
Tendons
Other connective tissues

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2
Q

Skeletal system functions

A

Structural support (tissue/organ attachment)
Store minerals and lipids (calcium salts, yellow bone marrow)
Blood cell production (red, white, platelets produced in red bone marrow)
Protection (vital organs)
Leverage/movement (with skeletal muscles)

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3
Q

Long bone structures

A

Diaphysis: shaft
Epiphysis: proximal and distal ends
Metaphysis: neck
Epiphyseal plate: kid, growth plate of hyaline cartilage that allows diaphysis growth
Epiphyseal line: adult, bone stops growing
Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage, bone meets bone

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4
Q

Periosteum structure

A

Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding bone, not at joints
Outer fibrous layer: collagen
Inner cellular layer: bone cells, thickness growth
House blood vessels and nerve supply
Perforating collagen fibers interwoven into bone ECM

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5
Q

Periosteum functions

A

Isolate bone
Structure for blood vessels
Bone growth/repair

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6
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Fatty yellow bone marrow in adults
Red bone marrow in kids

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7
Q

Endosteum structure

A

Thin membrane containing osteoprogenitor cells
Lines medullary cavity

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8
Q

Endosteum function

A

Bone growth
Repair
Remodeling

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9
Q

Osseous tissue (connective tissue)

A

Extracellular matrix surrounds separated cells
Water
Collagen fibers: flexibility
Crystallized mineral salts: weight bearing strength (calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate)

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10
Q

Compact bone function

A

Makes diaphysis beneath periosteum
Volkman’s canals: blood/nerve supply

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11
Q

Compact bone components

A

Osteons: repeating parallel structural units
Concentric lamellae: mineralized ECM around central canal, same direction along stress lines
Lacuna with osteocytes between lamellae

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12
Q

Spongy bone structure

A

Irregular arrangement of lamellae: thin columns (trabeculae)
No osteons
Lacuna with osteocytes
Covered with endosteum
Spaces between trabeculae: red/yellow bone marrow
Canaliculi open onto surface

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13
Q

Spongy bone location

A

Always protected by compact bone
Short/flat/irregular bones
Epiphyses and rain around medullary cavity on long bones
Where bones aren’t stressed or are stressed from multiple directions
Protect red bone marrow

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14
Q

Where would you find red bone marrow?

A

Skull, thoracic girdle, pelvic girdle, femur

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15
Q

Where would you find yellow bone marrow?

A

Marrow cavities of long bones

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16
Q

Where do blood/nerves get nutrients in the bone?

A

Nutrient foramen in diaphysis
Metaphysical Epiphyseal vessels supply Epiphyseal cartilage
Periostea’s vessels

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17
Q

What are the 4 types of bone cells?

A

Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes

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18
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells structure and function

A

Derived in mesenchyme (dividing stem cells)
Important for fracture repair
Found in endosteum, inner periosteum, and canals with blood vessels

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19
Q

Osteoblasts function

A

Produce new bone matrix (ossification)
Produce osteoid: bone matrix without calcium
Initiate calcification
More activity = stronger, bigger bones

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20
Q

Osteocyte structure and function

A

One osteocyte / lacuna
Connected to canaliculi
Bone maintenance
Turnover matrix components
Repair damage
“Strain sensor”
Can revert back to osteoblasts/osteoprogenitor

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21
Q

Osteoclast structure and function

A

Large, multinucleated
Fusion of many monocytes from red bone marrow
In endosteum
Osteolysis: resorption, bone erosion by secreting acids and enzymes
ECM erosion, phagocytes
Regulate blood calcium/phosphate
Normal bone remodeling
More activity = weakened bones

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22
Q

What is ossification?

A

Tissue being replaced with bone
Calcification: deposits of Ca2+ salts
Reasons: formation, growth, remodeling, repair

23
Q

How long after conception does osteogenesis begin?

A

5-6 weeks

24
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Spongy bone forms from mesenchyme
May be remodeled to form compact bone
Flat bones: skull, face, mandible, clavicle

25
Q

Step 1 of prenatal bone formation

A

Development of ossification center: mesenchyme clusters into osteoblasts which secretes ECM

26
Q

Step 2 of prenatal bone formation

A

Calcification: ECM secretion stops, osteocytes in lacuna extend canaliculi, calcium/minerals deposited, ECM hardens

27
Q

Step 3 of prenatal bone formation

A

Formation of trabeculae: ECM turns into trabeculae (spongy bone), blood vessels and red bone marrow form between trabeculae, connective tissue differentiates into red bone marrow

28
Q

Step 4 of prenatal bone formation

A

Development of periosteum: mesenchyme condenses to form periosteum, thin layer of compact bone replaces spongy bone, constant remodeling to adult shape

29
Q

Step 1 of endochondral ossification

A

Development of cartilage model: mesenchymal cells aggregate in bone shape and develop into chondroblasts which secrete ECM, hyaline cartilage model is formed, perichondrium membrane is formed, chondroblasts turn into chondrocytes

30
Q

Step 2 of endochondral ossification

A

Growth of cartilage model: interstitial growth (length) because of chondroblast division and ECM secretion, Appositional growth (width) from new chondroblasts from perichondrium secreting ECM

31
Q

Step 3 of endochondral ossification

A

Development of primary ossification center: nutrient artery invades through perichondrium, osteoblasts form bone collar, osteoblasts brought by capillaries produce spongy bone at primary ossification center, bone formation spreads across shaft

32
Q

Step 4 of endochondral ossification

A

Development of medullary cavity: osteoblasts appear and erode center trabeculae forming the cavity, cavity is filled with red bone marrow at first which is then replaced by yellow

33
Q

Step 5 of endochondral ossification

A

Development of secondary ossification centers: Epiphyseal artery enters epiphysis, some cartilage remains in adulthood, ossification moves toward center

34
Q

Step 6 of endochondral ossification

A

Formation of articular cartilage and Epiphyseal plate: Epiphysis fills with spongy bone (kids), articular cartilage forms, epiphyseal plate separates epiphysis from diaphysis

35
Q

Resting zone

A

Close to epiphysis
Hyaline cartilage
No growth

36
Q

Proliferation zone

A

Large stacked chondrocytes
Secrete ECM
Interstitial growth
Divide to replace dying chondrocytes in hypertrophic zone

37
Q

Hypertrophic zone

A

Columns of large, maturing chondrocytes

38
Q

Calcification zone

A

Dead chondrocytes with calcified ECM

39
Q

Developing bone of diaphysis process

A

Osteoclasts chew up calcified cartilage, osteoblasts make new bone

40
Q

Epiphyseal “growth” plate

A

Closes after puberty
Osteoblasts catch up to chondrocytes: epiphyseal cartilage cells stop dividing
Female: 18
Male: 21
If fractured, bones may not continue to grow properly

41
Q

Appositional growth steps

A

Thickness
1. Periosteal cells differentiate in osteoblasts, secrete collagen, bone ridges around periosteal blood vessels
2. Ridges fold, fuse, enclose blood vessel in the tunnel periosteum to endosteum
3. Endosteum osteoblasts form concentric lamellae inward, new osteon formed
4. New circumferential lamellae also formed by osteoblasts under periosteum

42
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Ongoing replacement of old bone
Influenced by Ca2+ homeostasis, stress, exercise, diet, lifestyle

43
Q

Bone resorption

A

Remove minerals/collagen (osteoclasts)

44
Q

Bone deposition

A

Add minerals/collagen (osteoblasts)

45
Q

Vitamins that impact bone remodeling

A

A: stimulate osteoblasts
C: collagen synthesis and osteoblast differentiation
D: calcium absorption
B12 and K: synthesis of bone proteins

46
Q

Hormones that impact bone remodeling

A

Calcitriol: Ca and P absorption from digestive tract, synthesized in kidneys from D3 (diet or sun)
IGF: made in liver and bones, stimulate osteoblasts, promote cell division at epiphyseal plate and periosteum, enhance bone synthesis, replace hGH from pituitary
T3 and T4 thyroid hormones: stimulate osteoblasts, increase bone protein synthesis
Estrogen: pelvic widening, shut down growth plate, slow down resorption by promoting apoptosis of osteoclasts
Testosterone: increase osteoblasts activity, bone ECM synthesis

47
Q

Calcium homeostasis

A

Bones for storage
Digestive tract for absorption
Kidneys for excretion
PTH increases blood calcium
Calcitonin decreases blood calcium

48
Q

How does exercise impact bone remodeling?

A

Bones adapt to mechanical stress and pressure
More osteoblast activity during weight bearing exercise

49
Q

Step 1 of fracture repair

A

Fracture hematoma: 6-8 hrs post injury, inflammation/removal of dead bone cells by osteoclasts and white blood cells

50
Q

Step 2 of fracture repair

A

Fibrocartilage callous formation: fibroblasts make collagen, new chondroblasts make Fibrocartilage callous, broken ends join (3 weeks)

51
Q

Step 3 of fracture repair

A

Bony callous formation: 3-4 months, osteogenic cells become osteoblasts to make spongy bone, connects new and old bone, Fibrocartilage converted to spongy bone

52
Q

Step 4 of fracture repair

A

Bone remodeling: osteoclasts remove old bone, spongy bone replaced by compact bone

53
Q

Osteopenia and osteoporosis

A

Reduced bone density
Osteoblast activity declines
Bone resorption faster than formation

54
Q

Heterotopic bone formation

A

Bones growing where they should not
Ex. Scar tissue being replaced by bone

Anatomy And Physiology (19 decks)

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