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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal system structures

A

Bone
Cartilage
Ligaments
Tendons
Other connective tissues

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2
Q

Skeletal system functions

A

Structural support (tissue/organ attachment)
Store minerals and lipids (calcium salts, yellow bone marrow)
Blood cell production (red, white, platelets produced in red bone marrow)
Protection (vital organs)
Leverage/movement (with skeletal muscles)

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3
Q

Long bone structures

A

Diaphysis: shaft
Epiphysis: proximal and distal ends
Metaphysis: neck
Epiphyseal plate: kid, growth plate of hyaline cartilage that allows diaphysis growth
Epiphyseal line: adult, bone stops growing
Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage, bone meets bone

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4
Q

Periosteum structure

A

Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding bone, not at joints
Outer fibrous layer: collagen
Inner cellular layer: bone cells, thickness growth
House blood vessels and nerve supply
Perforating collagen fibers interwoven into bone ECM

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5
Q

Periosteum functions

A

Isolate bone
Structure for blood vessels
Bone growth/repair

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6
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Fatty yellow bone marrow in adults
Red bone marrow in kids

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7
Q

Endosteum structure

A

Thin membrane containing osteoprogenitor cells
Lines medullary cavity

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8
Q

Endosteum function

A

Bone growth
Repair
Remodeling

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9
Q

Osseous tissue (connective tissue)

A

Extracellular matrix surrounds separated cells
Water
Collagen fibers: flexibility
Crystallized mineral salts: weight bearing strength (calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate)

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10
Q

Compact bone function

A

Makes diaphysis beneath periosteum
Volkman’s canals: blood/nerve supply

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11
Q

Compact bone components

A

Osteons: repeating parallel structural units
Concentric lamellae: mineralized ECM around central canal, same direction along stress lines
Lacuna with osteocytes between lamellae

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12
Q

Spongy bone structure

A

Irregular arrangement of lamellae: thin columns (trabeculae)
No osteons
Lacuna with osteocytes
Covered with endosteum
Spaces between trabeculae: red/yellow bone marrow
Canaliculi open onto surface

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13
Q

Spongy bone location

A

Always protected by compact bone
Short/flat/irregular bones
Epiphyses and rain around medullary cavity on long bones
Where bones aren’t stressed or are stressed from multiple directions
Protect red bone marrow

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14
Q

Where would you find red bone marrow?

A

Skull, thoracic girdle, pelvic girdle, femur

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15
Q

Where would you find yellow bone marrow?

A

Marrow cavities of long bones

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16
Q

Where do blood/nerves get nutrients in the bone?

A

Nutrient foramen in diaphysis
Metaphysical Epiphyseal vessels supply Epiphyseal cartilage
Periostea’s vessels

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17
Q

What are the 4 types of bone cells?

A

Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes

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18
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells structure and function

A

Derived in mesenchyme (dividing stem cells)
Important for fracture repair
Found in endosteum, inner periosteum, and canals with blood vessels

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19
Q

Osteoblasts function

A

Produce new bone matrix (ossification)
Produce osteoid: bone matrix without calcium
Initiate calcification
More activity = stronger, bigger bones

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20
Q

Osteocyte structure and function

A

One osteocyte / lacuna
Connected to canaliculi
Bone maintenance
Turnover matrix components
Repair damage
“Strain sensor”
Can revert back to osteoblasts/osteoprogenitor

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21
Q

Osteoclast structure and function

A

Large, multinucleated
Fusion of many monocytes from red bone marrow
In endosteum
Osteolysis: resorption, bone erosion by secreting acids and enzymes
ECM erosion, phagocytes
Regulate blood calcium/phosphate
Normal bone remodeling
More activity = weakened bones

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22
Q

What is ossification?

A

Tissue being replaced with bone
Calcification: deposits of Ca2+ salts
Reasons: formation, growth, remodeling, repair

23
Q

How long after conception does osteogenesis begin?

24
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Spongy bone forms from mesenchyme
May be remodeled to form compact bone
Flat bones: skull, face, mandible, clavicle

25
Step 1 of prenatal bone formation
Development of ossification center: mesenchyme clusters into osteoblasts which secretes ECM
26
Step 2 of prenatal bone formation
Calcification: ECM secretion stops, osteocytes in lacuna extend canaliculi, calcium/minerals deposited, ECM hardens
27
Step 3 of prenatal bone formation
Formation of trabeculae: ECM turns into trabeculae (spongy bone), blood vessels and red bone marrow form between trabeculae, connective tissue differentiates into red bone marrow
28
Step 4 of prenatal bone formation
Development of periosteum: mesenchyme condenses to form periosteum, thin layer of compact bone replaces spongy bone, constant remodeling to adult shape
29
Step 1 of endochondral ossification
Development of cartilage model: mesenchymal cells aggregate in bone shape and develop into chondroblasts which secrete ECM, hyaline cartilage model is formed, perichondrium membrane is formed, chondroblasts turn into chondrocytes
30
Step 2 of endochondral ossification
Growth of cartilage model: interstitial growth (length) because of chondroblast division and ECM secretion, Appositional growth (width) from new chondroblasts from perichondrium secreting ECM
31
Step 3 of endochondral ossification
Development of primary ossification center: nutrient artery invades through perichondrium, osteoblasts form bone collar, osteoblasts brought by capillaries produce spongy bone at primary ossification center, bone formation spreads across shaft
32
Step 4 of endochondral ossification
Development of medullary cavity: osteoblasts appear and erode center trabeculae forming the cavity, cavity is filled with red bone marrow at first which is then replaced by yellow
33
Step 5 of endochondral ossification
Development of secondary ossification centers: Epiphyseal artery enters epiphysis, some cartilage remains in adulthood, ossification moves toward center
34
Step 6 of endochondral ossification
Formation of articular cartilage and Epiphyseal plate: Epiphysis fills with spongy bone (kids), articular cartilage forms, epiphyseal plate separates epiphysis from diaphysis
35
Resting zone
Close to epiphysis Hyaline cartilage No growth
36
Proliferation zone
Large stacked chondrocytes Secrete ECM Interstitial growth Divide to replace dying chondrocytes in hypertrophic zone
37
Hypertrophic zone
Columns of large, maturing chondrocytes
38
Calcification zone
Dead chondrocytes with calcified ECM
39
Developing bone of diaphysis process
Osteoclasts chew up calcified cartilage, osteoblasts make new bone
40
Epiphyseal “growth” plate
Closes after puberty Osteoblasts catch up to chondrocytes: epiphyseal cartilage cells stop dividing Female: 18 Male: 21 If fractured, bones may not continue to grow properly
41
Appositional growth steps
Thickness 1. Periosteal cells differentiate in osteoblasts, secrete collagen, bone ridges around periosteal blood vessels 2. Ridges fold, fuse, enclose blood vessel in the tunnel periosteum to endosteum 3. Endosteum osteoblasts form concentric lamellae inward, new osteon formed 4. New circumferential lamellae also formed by osteoblasts under periosteum
42
Bone remodeling
Ongoing replacement of old bone Influenced by Ca2+ homeostasis, stress, exercise, diet, lifestyle
43
Bone resorption
Remove minerals/collagen (osteoclasts)
44
Bone deposition
Add minerals/collagen (osteoblasts)
45
Vitamins that impact bone remodeling
A: stimulate osteoblasts C: collagen synthesis and osteoblast differentiation D: calcium absorption B12 and K: synthesis of bone proteins
46
Hormones that impact bone remodeling
Calcitriol: Ca and P absorption from digestive tract, synthesized in kidneys from D3 (diet or sun) IGF: made in liver and bones, stimulate osteoblasts, promote cell division at epiphyseal plate and periosteum, enhance bone synthesis, replace hGH from pituitary T3 and T4 thyroid hormones: stimulate osteoblasts, increase bone protein synthesis Estrogen: pelvic widening, shut down growth plate, slow down resorption by promoting apoptosis of osteoclasts Testosterone: increase osteoblasts activity, bone ECM synthesis
47
Calcium homeostasis
Bones for storage Digestive tract for absorption Kidneys for excretion PTH increases blood calcium Calcitonin decreases blood calcium
48
How does exercise impact bone remodeling?
Bones adapt to mechanical stress and pressure More osteoblast activity during weight bearing exercise
49
Step 1 of fracture repair
Fracture hematoma: 6-8 hrs post injury, inflammation/removal of dead bone cells by osteoclasts and white blood cells
50
Step 2 of fracture repair
Fibrocartilage callous formation: fibroblasts make collagen, new chondroblasts make Fibrocartilage callous, broken ends join (3 weeks)
51
Step 3 of fracture repair
Bony callous formation: 3-4 months, osteogenic cells become osteoblasts to make spongy bone, connects new and old bone, Fibrocartilage converted to spongy bone
52
Step 4 of fracture repair
Bone remodeling: osteoclasts remove old bone, spongy bone replaced by compact bone
53
Osteopenia and osteoporosis
Reduced bone density Osteoblast activity declines Bone resorption faster than formation
54
Heterotopic bone formation
Bones growing where they should not Ex. Scar tissue being replaced by bone

Anatomy And Physiology (19 decks)

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