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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal cord segments

A

Ventral root
Dorsal root
Dorsal root ganglia
Spinal nerve
Mixed nerves

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2
Q

Ventral root

A

Axons of motor neurons

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3
Q

Dorsal root

A

Axons of sensory neurons

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4
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

Cell bodies of sensory neurons

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5
Q

Spinal Nerve

A

Where dorsal and ventral roots join

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6
Q

Mixed nerves

A

Afferent and efferent fibers

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7
Q

Cervical enlargement

A

Top 8 nerves
Nerves of shoulder and upper limbs

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8
Q

Lumbar enlargement

A

Nerves of pelvis and lower limbs

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9
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Tapered
Conical spinal cord below lumbar enlargement

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10
Q

Cauda equina

A

Nerve roots from segments L2-L5 extending below conus medullaris
31 spinal cord segments

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11
Q

Filum terminale

A

“terminal thread”
Thin thread of fibrous tissue at the end of conus medullaris
Attaches spinal cord to coccyx

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12
Q

Meninges

A

Specialized membranes isolate spinal cord from surroundings
Protect spinal cord
Carry blood supply
Continuous with cranial meninges

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13
Q

3 meningeal layers and spaces

A

Epidural space
Dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater

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14
Q

Meningitis

A

Disrupts normal flow of cerebral spinal fluid which damages neurons and glia

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15
Q

Epidural space

A

Between dura mater and walls of vertebral canal
Loose, connective, adipose tissue, blood vessels
Anesthetic injection site

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16
Q

Dura mater

A

Tough and fibrous
Provides stability to spinal cord
Fused with periosteum of occipital bone
Continuous with cranial dura mater and neuriums or nerves
Joins filum terminale to form coccygeal ligament

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17
Q

Subdural space

A

Between dura and arachnoid maters
Seen only in histologic preparations (may not be in living person)

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18
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Middle layer
Simple squamous epithelia
Collagen and elastic fibers

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19
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Collagen/elastin fiber network (trabeculae)
Cerebrospinal fluid -> dissolved gases, nutrients, waste
Spinal tap

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20
Q

Pia mater

A

Delicate
Elastic and collagen fibers
Adheres to spinal cord and supports blood vessels

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21
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A

Triangular extensions of spinal pia mater
Attached to dura mater
Stabilize side to side movement

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22
Q

White matter

A

Unmyelinated and myelinated axons

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23
Q

Gray matter

A

Central canal of spinal cord
Has projections (horns)
Contains neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, and unmyelinated axons

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24
Q

Anterior Median fissure and posterior median sulcus

A

Mark left vs right sides

25
Posterior gray horn
Somatic and visceral sensory nuclei
26
Lateral gray horn
Thoracic and lumbar segments Visceral motor nuclei
27
Anterior gray horn
Somatic motor nuclei
28
Sensory nuclei
Dorsal Connect to peripheral receptors
29
Motor nuclei
Ventral Connect to ventral root and motor neurons
30
Commissures (posterior gray, anterior gray/white)
Axons cross from one side of spinal cord to another
31
Organization of spinal nerves
31 pairs Cervical - 8 Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacral - 5 Coccygeal - 1
32
Dermatomes
Bilateral skin region monitored by specific pair of spinal nerves ex. shingles
33
Peripheral distribution of spinal nerves (motor)
1. Ventral root of each spinal nerve has axons of somatic + visceral motor neurons 2. Spinal nerve forms lateral to the intervertebral foramen, where dorsal and ventral roots unite 3. Dorsal ramus has somatic and visceral motor fibers to innervate back skin/muscles 4. Axons in ventral ramus supply ventrolateral body surface, structures in body wall, and limbs 5. White ramus carries visceral motor fibers to sympathetic ganglion 6. Gray ramus has postganglionic fibers that innervate glands and smooth muscles in body wall and limbs 7. Sympathetic nerve has preganglionic and postganglionic fibers innervating structures in thoracic cavity
34
Peripheral distribution of spinal nerves: sensory
1. Sympathetic nerve carries sensory info from visceral organs 2. Ventral ramus carries sensory info from ventrolateral body surface, body wall structures, and limbs 3. Dorsal ramus carries sensory info from the skin and back skeletal muscles 4. Dorsal root of each spinal nerve carries sensory info to the spinal cord
35
Nerve plexuses
Network of interweaving ventral rami of multiple spinal nerves Ventral rami of most spinal nerves form plexuses on left and right sides Contains sensory and motor fibers Cervical plexus Brachial plexus Lumbar plexus Sacral plexus
36
Cervical plexus
Includes ventral rami of spinal nerves C1-C5 Innervates skin of neck, posterior head, thoracic cavity, diaphragmatic muscles Major nerve: phrenic nerve (controls diaphragm)
37
Brachial plexus
Includes ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1 Innervates pectoral girdle and upper limbs Large bundles of axons from trunks Cords (3): smaller branches originate at trunks Major Branches of upper limb: musculotaneous, median, ulnar, axillary, radial
38
Lumbar plexus
Includes ventral rami of spinal nerves T12-L4 Major Nerve: femoral nerve
39
Sacral plexus
Includes ventral rami of spinal nerves L4-S4 Major nerve: sciatic nerve Sciatic nerve branches: Fibular and Tibial
40
Reflex
Rapid, involuntary response to stimuli Predictable: a specific stimulus always gives the same response Enables quick response without waiting for brain to process stimulus
41
How are reflexes classified?
Development Response Complexity Processing site
42
Developmental reflexes
Innate: genetically determined (suckling) Acquired: learned (hitting brakes)
43
Response reflexes
Somatic: skeletal muscle contractions (doctor hits knee) Visceral (Autonomic): Smooth/cardiac muscles, glands, adipose tissue (moving food)
44
Complex reflexes
Monosynaptic: one synapse, fastest (patellar) Polysynaptic: Multiple synapses, interneuron, shorter (move hand from painful stimulus)
45
Processing site reflexes
Spinal: spinal cord Cranial: brain
46
Cranial reflex
Integrated in brain ex. pupils dilate
47
Spinal reflex
Integrated in spinal cord Mono-, poly- synaptic, intersegmental
48
Somatic reflex
Involve skeletal muscles
49
Autonomic (visceral) reflex
Controls systems other than muscular ex. breathing, swallowing
50
Ipsilateral reflex arc
Both receptor and effector organs on same side of spinal cord ex. remove hand from hot stove
51
Contralateral reflex arc
Sensory impulses from receptors on opposite sides of spinal cord ex. step on object with left foot, contract right leg to maintain balance as you withdraw left leg
52
Patellar reflex
Stretch reflex Monosynaptic ipsilateral reflex arc Regulates skeletal muscle length Helps maintain posture ex. doctor hits knee
53
Flexor reflex
Withdrawal reflex Polysynaptic ipsilateral reflex arc Moves effected muscles away from stimulus Antagonistic muscles are inhibited through reciprocal inhibition Sensory neuron, excitatory neuron, motor neuron, inhibitory neuron
54
Crossed extensor reflex
Coordinated simultaneously with flexor reflex Maintains by reverberating circuits Contralateral, polysynaptic, intersegmental
55
Automatic reflexes
Activated as needed by brain Use few nerve impulses to control complex motor functions Walking, running, jumping
56
Facilitated spinal reflexes
Stimulate excitatory neurons in brain stem/spinal cord Create EPSPs at reflex motor neurons Facilitate postsynaptic neurons (make more sensitive to stimuli)
57
Inhibited spinal reflexes
Stimulate inhibitory neurons Create IPSPs at reflex motor neurons Suppresses postsynaptic neurons ex. plantar reflex
58
Babinski reflex
Positive: Flexing toes when stimulus touches sole of foot Negative: curling toes Normal in infants Inhibition in adults is caused by maturation of descending motor tracts Positive test may indicate CNS damage in adults

Anatomy And Physiology (19 decks)

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