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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal cord segments

A

Ventral root
Dorsal root
Dorsal root ganglia
Spinal nerve
Mixed nerves

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2
Q

Ventral root

A

Axons of motor neurons

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3
Q

Dorsal root

A

Axons of sensory neurons

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4
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

Cell bodies of sensory neurons

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5
Q

Spinal Nerve

A

Where dorsal and ventral roots join

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6
Q

Mixed nerves

A

Afferent and efferent fibers

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7
Q

Cervical enlargement

A

Top 8 nerves
Nerves of shoulder and upper limbs

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8
Q

Lumbar enlargement

A

Nerves of pelvis and lower limbs

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9
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Tapered
Conical spinal cord below lumbar enlargement

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10
Q

Cauda equina

A

Nerve roots from segments L2-L5 extending below conus medullaris
31 spinal cord segments

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11
Q

Filum terminale

A

“terminal thread”
Thin thread of fibrous tissue at the end of conus medullaris
Attaches spinal cord to coccyx

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12
Q

Meninges

A

Specialized membranes isolate spinal cord from surroundings
Protect spinal cord
Carry blood supply
Continuous with cranial meninges

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13
Q

3 meningeal layers and spaces

A

Epidural space
Dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater

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14
Q

Meningitis

A

Disrupts normal flow of cerebral spinal fluid which damages neurons and glia

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15
Q

Epidural space

A

Between dura mater and walls of vertebral canal
Loose, connective, adipose tissue, blood vessels
Anesthetic injection site

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16
Q

Dura mater

A

Tough and fibrous
Provides stability to spinal cord
Fused with periosteum of occipital bone
Continuous with cranial dura mater and neuriums or nerves
Joins filum terminale to form coccygeal ligament

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17
Q

Subdural space

A

Between dura and arachnoid maters
Seen only in histologic preparations (may not be in living person)

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18
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Middle layer
Simple squamous epithelia
Collagen and elastic fibers

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19
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Collagen/elastin fiber network (trabeculae)
Cerebrospinal fluid -> dissolved gases, nutrients, waste
Spinal tap

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20
Q

Pia mater

A

Delicate
Elastic and collagen fibers
Adheres to spinal cord and supports blood vessels

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21
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A

Triangular extensions of spinal pia mater
Attached to dura mater
Stabilize side to side movement

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22
Q

White matter

A

Unmyelinated and myelinated axons

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23
Q

Gray matter

A

Central canal of spinal cord
Has projections (horns)
Contains neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, and unmyelinated axons

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24
Q

Anterior Median fissure and posterior median sulcus

A

Mark left vs right sides

25
Q

Posterior gray horn

A

Somatic and visceral sensory nuclei

26
Q

Lateral gray horn

A

Thoracic and lumbar segments
Visceral motor nuclei

27
Q

Anterior gray horn

A

Somatic motor nuclei

28
Q

Sensory nuclei

A

Dorsal
Connect to peripheral receptors

29
Q

Motor nuclei

A

Ventral
Connect to ventral root and motor neurons

30
Q

Commissures (posterior gray, anterior gray/white)

A

Axons cross from one side of spinal cord to another

31
Q

Organization of spinal nerves

A

31 pairs
Cervical - 8
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5
Coccygeal - 1

32
Q

Dermatomes

A

Bilateral skin region monitored by specific pair of spinal nerves
ex. shingles

33
Q

Peripheral distribution of spinal nerves (motor)

A
  1. Ventral root of each spinal nerve has axons of somatic + visceral motor neurons
  2. Spinal nerve forms lateral to the intervertebral foramen, where dorsal and ventral roots unite
  3. Dorsal ramus has somatic and visceral motor fibers to innervate back skin/muscles
  4. Axons in ventral ramus supply ventrolateral body surface, structures in body wall, and limbs
  5. White ramus carries visceral motor fibers to sympathetic ganglion
  6. Gray ramus has postganglionic fibers that innervate glands and smooth muscles in body wall and limbs
  7. Sympathetic nerve has preganglionic and postganglionic fibers innervating structures in thoracic cavity
34
Q

Peripheral distribution of spinal nerves: sensory

A
  1. Sympathetic nerve carries sensory info from visceral organs
  2. Ventral ramus carries sensory info from ventrolateral body surface, body wall structures, and limbs
  3. Dorsal ramus carries sensory info from the skin and back skeletal muscles
  4. Dorsal root of each spinal nerve carries sensory info to the spinal cord
35
Q

Nerve plexuses

A

Network of interweaving ventral rami of multiple spinal nerves
Ventral rami of most spinal nerves form plexuses on left and right sides
Contains sensory and motor fibers
Cervical plexus
Brachial plexus
Lumbar plexus
Sacral plexus

36
Q

Cervical plexus

A

Includes ventral rami of spinal nerves C1-C5
Innervates skin of neck, posterior head, thoracic cavity, diaphragmatic muscles
Major nerve: phrenic nerve (controls diaphragm)

37
Q

Brachial plexus

A

Includes ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1
Innervates pectoral girdle and upper limbs
Large bundles of axons from trunks
Cords (3): smaller branches originate at trunks
Major Branches of upper limb: musculotaneous, median, ulnar, axillary, radial

38
Q

Lumbar plexus

A

Includes ventral rami of spinal nerves T12-L4
Major Nerve: femoral nerve

39
Q

Sacral plexus

A

Includes ventral rami of spinal nerves L4-S4
Major nerve: sciatic nerve
Sciatic nerve branches: Fibular and Tibial

40
Q

Reflex

A

Rapid, involuntary response to stimuli
Predictable: a specific stimulus always gives the same response
Enables quick response without waiting for brain to process stimulus

41
Q

How are reflexes classified?

A

Development
Response
Complexity
Processing site

42
Q

Developmental reflexes

A

Innate: genetically determined (suckling)
Acquired: learned (hitting brakes)

43
Q

Response reflexes

A

Somatic: skeletal muscle contractions (doctor hits knee)
Visceral (Autonomic): Smooth/cardiac muscles, glands, adipose tissue (moving food)

44
Q

Complex reflexes

A

Monosynaptic: one synapse, fastest (patellar)
Polysynaptic: Multiple synapses, interneuron, shorter (move hand from painful stimulus)

45
Q

Processing site reflexes

A

Spinal: spinal cord
Cranial: brain

46
Q

Cranial reflex

A

Integrated in brain
ex. pupils dilate

47
Q

Spinal reflex

A

Integrated in spinal cord
Mono-, poly- synaptic, intersegmental

48
Q

Somatic reflex

A

Involve skeletal muscles

49
Q

Autonomic (visceral) reflex

A

Controls systems other than muscular
ex. breathing, swallowing

50
Q

Ipsilateral reflex arc

A

Both receptor and effector organs on same side of spinal cord
ex. remove hand from hot stove

51
Q

Contralateral reflex arc

A

Sensory impulses from receptors on opposite sides of spinal cord
ex. step on object with left foot, contract right leg to maintain balance as you withdraw left leg

52
Q

Patellar reflex

A

Stretch reflex
Monosynaptic ipsilateral reflex arc
Regulates skeletal muscle length
Helps maintain posture
ex. doctor hits knee

53
Q

Flexor reflex

A

Withdrawal reflex
Polysynaptic ipsilateral reflex arc
Moves effected muscles away from stimulus
Antagonistic muscles are inhibited through reciprocal inhibition
Sensory neuron, excitatory neuron, motor neuron, inhibitory neuron

54
Q

Crossed extensor reflex

A

Coordinated simultaneously with flexor reflex
Maintains by reverberating circuits
Contralateral, polysynaptic, intersegmental

55
Q

Automatic reflexes

A

Activated as needed by brain
Use few nerve impulses to control complex motor functions
Walking, running, jumping

56
Q

Facilitated spinal reflexes

A

Stimulate excitatory neurons in brain stem/spinal cord
Create EPSPs at reflex motor neurons
Facilitate postsynaptic neurons (make more sensitive to stimuli)

57
Q

Inhibited spinal reflexes

A

Stimulate inhibitory neurons
Create IPSPs at reflex motor neurons
Suppresses postsynaptic neurons
ex. plantar reflex

58
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Positive: Flexing toes when stimulus touches sole of foot
Negative: curling toes
Normal in infants
Inhibition in adults is caused by maturation of descending motor tracts
Positive test may indicate CNS damage in adults

Anatomy And Physiology (19 decks)

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