Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Matter
A
Anything that has mass and takes up space
2
Q
Chemistry
A
Science of properties, structure, reaction, and interactions of matter
3
Q
Isotopes
A
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
4
Q
Anion
A
Electron acceptor
5
Q
Cation
A
Electron giver
6
Q
Element
A
Pure substance, only one atom type
7
Q
Atomic number
A
Number of protons
8
Q
Mass number
A
Number of protons and neutrons
9
Q
Atomic mass
A
Average mass of all occurring isotopes
10
Q
Valence shell
A
Outer most shell, determines bonding
11
Q
Molecule
A
2 or more atoms joined by covalent bonds
12
Q
Compound
A
2 or more different elements
13
Q
Ionic bond
A
Attraction between cation and anion
14
Q
Covalent bond
A
Sharing electrons (strong) : nonpolar-equal sharing, polar-unequal sharing
15
Q
Hydrogen bond
A
Weak polar bond based on partial electron attractions, creates surface tension
16
Q
Chemical reaction
A
Breaking/forming bonds
17
Q
Metabolism
A
All the reactions in cells and tissues of the body that are occurring at a time
18
Q
Energy
A
Capacity to perform work
19
Q
Kinetic energy
A
Energy of motion
20
Q
Potential energy
A
Stored energy, converts to kinetic and heat
21
Q
Chemical energy
A
Potential energy stored in chemical bonds
22
Q
Work
A
Movement/chance in structure of matter
23
Q
Decomposition reaction
A
Make smaller AB -> A + B
24
Q
Hydrolysis
A
Split molecule by addition of water. AB + H2O -> AH + HOB
25
Synthesis Reaction
Form a chemical bond. A + B -> AB
26
Dehydration synthesis
2 molecules join by removal of water. AH + HOB -> AB + H2O
27
Catabolism
Decomposition reaction, breaking covalent bond releases kinetic energy
28
Anabolism
Synthesis of new molecules (requires energy)
29
Exchange reaction
Shuffling, decomposition then synthesis. AB + CD -> AD + CB
30
Reversible reaction
Equilibrium. A + B <-> AB
31
Activation Energy
amount of energy needed to start a reaction
32
Catalyst
Accelerates reaction by lowering the activation energy
33
Endergonic
Consumes more energy than releases
34
Exergonic
Releases more energy than consumed
35
Inorganic compound
No carbon or hydrogen in primary structure
36
Organic Compound
Molecules based on C and H
37
Properties of Water
Reactivity, high heat capacity, lubrication, solubility
38
Electrolytes
Substance containing free ions, conduct electricity
39
pH
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution (blood is 7.4)
40
Acid
Dissociated to anion and H+ in solution, proton donor
41
Base
Add more OH- to solution, removes H+
42
Weak acids/bases
Do not completely dissociate
43
Salt
Ionic compound containing no H+ or OH-
44
Carbohydrates
Most important energy source, can only store 1% in muscles and liver
- Monosaccharides: glucose and fructose
- disaccharide: sucrose
- polysaccharide: starch, glycogen, cellulose
45
Isomer
Same formula but different structure
46
Lipids
Insulation, cell structure, energy, stored as fat
- triglycerides: (fats) glycerol head and 3 fatty acid chains
- phospholipids: (plasma membrane) glycerol head, phosphate group, 2 fatty acid chains
- Steroids: metabolism, sex, digest fats, bone growth, cell membrane, 4 fused rings with different functional groups
47
Proteins
Most abundant organic compound in body, structural support, transportation, buffering, movement, coordination, defense
- peptides: amino acids joined together by covalent peptide bonds between carbonyl and amine groups
48
Enzymes
Critical catalysts that sustain life
49
Nucleic acids
Store and process genetic info
- DNA: genes, direct protein synthesis, control cell process
- RNA: role in protein synthesis, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
- Pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
50
ATP
Energy used by the cell
51
In RNA, nucleotides are held together by… ?
Covalent bonds
52
In DNA, complimentary strands are held together by… ?
Hydrogen bonds
53
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
54
What is true about nucleic acids (4 things)?
They have a pentose sugar in the structure, have phosphate group, uracil is present in RNA structure, adenine is present in RNA.
55
Which level of protein structure is not affected by denaturation?
Primary
56
Each amino acid differs from another in the… ?
Nature of the side chain
57
The alpha-helix and beta sheet are examples of _________ protein structure.
Secondary
58
A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms is… ?
Saturated
59
A shortage of steroids in the body would result in a shortage of… ?
Sex hormones and plasma membranes
60
Which lipids help immune system with self recognition?
Glycolipids
61
What is needed to form a triglyceride molecule?
3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule
62
A polysaccharide that is formed in the liver and muscle cells to store glucose is a… ?
Glycogen
63
Carbohydrate molecules are… ?
The body’s most readily available source of energy
64
When 2 monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis, a _______ is formed.
Disaccharide
65
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called… ?
isomers
66
Which pH has the highest concentration of hydrogen ions?
pH 1
67
Collectively, reactions that break down molecules are known as… ?
Catabolism
68
Activation energy is… ?
The energy needed to start a reaction
69
Chemical reactions that yield energy, such as heat, are said to be… ?
Exergonic
70
To bond 2 monomers together, a molecule water must be _______ to/from monomers. This process is called __________.
Removed, dehydration synthesis
71
Ions with a negative charge are called… ?
Anions
72
If a pair of electrons is unequally shared between 2 atoms, a(n) ______________ bond occurs.
Polar covalent + single covalent
73
When atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form __________.
Covalent bonds
74
When electrons are transferred from one atom to another and the 2 atoms unite as a result of the opposing charges, a(n) _________ is formed.
Ionic bond
75
Sodium has an atomic number of 11. How many electrons are in the outer shell of a neutral sodium atom?
1
76
Helium has an atomic number of 2. It is chemically stable because… ?
It has a full outer electron shell.
77
The innermost electron shell in an atom holds up to ___ electrons.
2
78
If an isotope of oxygen has 8 protons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons, its mass number is… ?
18
79
Isotopes of an element differ in the number of… ?
Neutrons
80
By weight, which element is the most plentiful in the human body?
Oxygen
81
The atomic number of an atom is determined by the number of _____ it has.
Protons
82
The nucleus of an atom consists of… ?
Protons and neutrons
