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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space

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2
Q

Chemistry

A

Science of properties, structure, reaction, and interactions of matter

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3
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

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4
Q

Anion

A

Electron acceptor

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5
Q

Cation

A

Electron giver

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6
Q

Element

A

Pure substance, only one atom type

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7
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons

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8
Q

Mass number

A

Number of protons and neutrons

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9
Q

Atomic mass

A

Average mass of all occurring isotopes

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10
Q

Valence shell

A

Outer most shell, determines bonding

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11
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms joined by covalent bonds

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12
Q

Compound

A

2 or more different elements

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13
Q

Ionic bond

A

Attraction between cation and anion

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14
Q

Covalent bond

A

Sharing electrons (strong) : nonpolar-equal sharing, polar-unequal sharing

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15
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Weak polar bond based on partial electron attractions, creates surface tension

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16
Q

Chemical reaction

A

Breaking/forming bonds

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17
Q

Metabolism

A

All the reactions in cells and tissues of the body that are occurring at a time

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18
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to perform work

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19
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion

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20
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy, converts to kinetic and heat

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21
Q

Chemical energy

A

Potential energy stored in chemical bonds

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22
Q

Work

A

Movement/chance in structure of matter

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23
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

Make smaller AB -> A + B

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24
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Split molecule by addition of water. AB + H2O -> AH + HOB

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25
Q

Synthesis Reaction

A

Form a chemical bond. A + B -> AB

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26
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

2 molecules join by removal of water. AH + HOB -> AB + H2O

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27
Q

Catabolism

A

Decomposition reaction, breaking covalent bond releases kinetic energy

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28
Q

Anabolism

A

Synthesis of new molecules (requires energy)

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29
Q

Exchange reaction

A

Shuffling, decomposition then synthesis. AB + CD -> AD + CB

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30
Q

Reversible reaction

A

Equilibrium. A + B <-> AB

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31
Q

Activation Energy

A

amount of energy needed to start a reaction

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32
Q

Catalyst

A

Accelerates reaction by lowering the activation energy

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33
Q

Endergonic

A

Consumes more energy than releases

34
Q

Exergonic

A

Releases more energy than consumed

35
Q

Inorganic compound

A

No carbon or hydrogen in primary structure

36
Q

Organic Compound

A

Molecules based on C and H

37
Q

Properties of Water

A

Reactivity, high heat capacity, lubrication, solubility

38
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substance containing free ions, conduct electricity

39
Q

pH

A

Measure of hydrogen ions in solution (blood is 7.4)

40
Q

Acid

A

Dissociated to anion and H+ in solution, proton donor

41
Q

Base

A

Add more OH- to solution, removes H+

42
Q

Weak acids/bases

A

Do not completely dissociate

43
Q

Salt

A

Ionic compound containing no H+ or OH-

44
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Most important energy source, can only store 1% in muscles and liver
- Monosaccharides: glucose and fructose
- disaccharide: sucrose
- polysaccharide: starch, glycogen, cellulose

45
Q

Isomer

A

Same formula but different structure

46
Q

Lipids

A

Insulation, cell structure, energy, stored as fat
- triglycerides: (fats) glycerol head and 3 fatty acid chains
- phospholipids: (plasma membrane) glycerol head, phosphate group, 2 fatty acid chains
- Steroids: metabolism, sex, digest fats, bone growth, cell membrane, 4 fused rings with different functional groups

47
Q

Proteins

A

Most abundant organic compound in body, structural support, transportation, buffering, movement, coordination, defense
- peptides: amino acids joined together by covalent peptide bonds between carbonyl and amine groups

48
Q

Enzymes

A

Critical catalysts that sustain life

49
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Store and process genetic info
- DNA: genes, direct protein synthesis, control cell process
- RNA: role in protein synthesis, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
- Pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

50
Q

ATP

A

Energy used by the cell

51
Q

In RNA, nucleotides are held together by… ?

A

Covalent bonds

52
Q

In DNA, complimentary strands are held together by… ?

A

Hydrogen bonds

53
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

54
Q

What is true about nucleic acids (4 things)?

A

They have a pentose sugar in the structure, have phosphate group, uracil is present in RNA structure, adenine is present in RNA.

55
Q

Which level of protein structure is not affected by denaturation?

A

Primary

56
Q

Each amino acid differs from another in the… ?

A

Nature of the side chain

57
Q

The alpha-helix and beta sheet are examples of _________ protein structure.

A

Secondary

58
Q

A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms is… ?

A

Saturated

59
Q

A shortage of steroids in the body would result in a shortage of… ?

A

Sex hormones and plasma membranes

60
Q

Which lipids help immune system with self recognition?

A

Glycolipids

61
Q

What is needed to form a triglyceride molecule?

A

3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule

62
Q

A polysaccharide that is formed in the liver and muscle cells to store glucose is a… ?

A

Glycogen

63
Q

Carbohydrate molecules are… ?

A

The body’s most readily available source of energy

64
Q

When 2 monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis, a _______ is formed.

A

Disaccharide

65
Q

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called… ?

A

isomers

66
Q

Which pH has the highest concentration of hydrogen ions?

A

pH 1

67
Q

Collectively, reactions that break down molecules are known as… ?

A

Catabolism

68
Q

Activation energy is… ?

A

The energy needed to start a reaction

69
Q

Chemical reactions that yield energy, such as heat, are said to be… ?

A

Exergonic

70
Q

To bond 2 monomers together, a molecule water must be _______ to/from monomers. This process is called __________.

A

Removed, dehydration synthesis

71
Q

Ions with a negative charge are called… ?

A

Anions

72
Q

If a pair of electrons is unequally shared between 2 atoms, a(n) ______________ bond occurs.

A

Polar covalent + single covalent

73
Q

When atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form __________.

A

Covalent bonds

74
Q

When electrons are transferred from one atom to another and the 2 atoms unite as a result of the opposing charges, a(n) _________ is formed.

A

Ionic bond

75
Q

Sodium has an atomic number of 11. How many electrons are in the outer shell of a neutral sodium atom?

A

1

76
Q

Helium has an atomic number of 2. It is chemically stable because… ?

A

It has a full outer electron shell.

77
Q

The innermost electron shell in an atom holds up to ___ electrons.

A

2

78
Q

If an isotope of oxygen has 8 protons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons, its mass number is… ?

A

18

79
Q

Isotopes of an element differ in the number of… ?

A

Neutrons

80
Q

By weight, which element is the most plentiful in the human body?

A

Oxygen

81
Q

The atomic number of an atom is determined by the number of _____ it has.

A

Protons

82
Q

The nucleus of an atom consists of… ?

A

Protons and neutrons

Anatomy And Physiology (19 decks)

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