Chapters 1-3 Questions Flashcards by Julia Gilmour

Anatomy is to _______ as physiology is to ________.

A. Function; form
B. Form; structure
C. Structure; function
D. Structure, form
E. Growth; form

C. Structure; Function

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Identify the branch of biological science that studies the external and internal structure of the body and the physical relationship among body parts.
A. Genetics
B. Physiology
C. Embryology
D. Anatomy
E. Cytology

D. Anatomy

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Cardiovascular function is an example of…
A. Histophysiology
B. Organ physiology
C. Systemic physiology
D. Pathological physiology
E. Physiological anatomy

C. Systemic physiology

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The study of the liver is to gross anatomy as the study of a liver cell is to…
A. Physiology
B. Regional anatomy
C. Cytology
D. Systemic anatomy
E. Radiographic anatomy

C. Cytology

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True or False: There are more than 50 tissue types in human body.

False

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List 4 major organs of integumentary system.

Skin, Hair, Nails, Sweat Glands

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In general, the nervous system does each of the following except:
A. Help to maintain homeostasis
B. Respond rapidly to change
C. Direct long-term responses to change
D. Direct very specific responses
E. Interpret sensory information

C. Direct long-term responses to change

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Which one of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system?
A. Releases chemical messengers called hormones
B. Produces a more rapid response than the nervous system
C. Produces effects that last for days or longer
D. Produces an effect that involves several organs or tissues at the same time

B. Produces a more rapid response than the nervous system

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Which organ system includes the spleen and the tonsils?
A. Digestive
B. Cardiovascular
C. Nervous
D. Endocrine
E. Lymphatic

E. Lymphatic

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Which organ system provides support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, and blood formation?
A. Integumentary
B. Muscular
C. Skeletal
D. Nervous
E. Endocrine

C. Skeletal

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A cell or an organ that responds to commands of the control center in negative feedback is termed a(n)…
A. Receptor
B. Thermoregulator
C. Hypothalamus
D. Effector
E. Stimulus

D. Effector

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If a response increases a disturbance, the control system is classified as a ________ feedback system.
A. Deficit
B. Negative
C. Neutral
D. Polarized
E. Positive

E. Positive

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Disease is an indicator of…
A. Negative feedback
B. Signs and symptoms
C. Homeostatic failure
D. Positive feedback
E. All of the answers are correct

C. Homeostatic failure

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The nucleus of an atom consists of…
A. Electrons
B. Protons
C. Neutrons
D. Protons + neutrons
E. Protons + electrons

D. Protons + neutrons

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The “atomic number” of an atom is determined by the number of ________ it has.
A. Electrons
B. Protons
C. Neutrons
D. Protons + neutrons
E. Protons + electrons

B. Protons

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By weight, which element is the most plentiful in the human body?
A. Sulfur
B. Sodium
C. Oxygen
D. Potassium
E. Carbon

C. Oxygen

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Isotopes of an element differ in the number of…
A. Protons in the nucleus
B. Electrons in the nucleus
C. Neutrons in the nucleus
D. Electron clouds
E. Electrons in energy shells

C. Neutrons in the nucleus

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If an isotope of oxygen has 8 protons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons, its mass number is…
A. 26
B. 16
C. 18
D. 8
E. 12

C. 18

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The innermost electron shell in an atom holds up to ________ electrons.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 4
D. 6
E. 8

B. 2

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Helium (HE) has an atomic number of 2. It is chemically stable because it…
A. Is neutral in electrical charge
B. Readily ionizes to react with other atoms
C. Has a full outer electron shell
D. Will form a covalent bond with another He atoms
E. Lacks electrons, thus the He atom is stable

C.. has a full outer electron shell

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Sodium (NA) has an atomic number of 11. How many electrons are in the outer electron shell of a neutral sodium atom?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 8

A. 1

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Ions with a negative charge are called…
A. Cations
B. Anions
C. Radicals
D. Positrons
E. Isotopes

B. Anions

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Select all answers that apply. If a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms, a(n) ________ bond occurs.
A. Single covalent
B. Double covalent
C. Triple covalent
D. Polar covalent
E. Hydrogen

A. Single covalent
D. Polar covalent

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When atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form…
A. Ionic bonds
B. Covalent bonds
C. Hydrogen bonds
D. Anions
E. Cations

B. Covalent bonds

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When electrons are transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms unite as a result of the opposite charges, a(n) ________ is formed. A. Ions B. Molecule C. Hydrogen bond D. Ionic bond E. Covalent bond

D. Ionic bond

To bond two monomers together, a molecule of water must be ________ to/from monomers. This process is called ________. A. Added; hydrolysis B. Removed; dehydration synthesis C. Removed; crenation D. Added; denaturation E. Added; ionization

B. Removed; dehydration synthesis

Collectively, reactions that break down molecules are known as… A. Anabolism B. Metabolism C. Synthesis reactions D. Exchange reactions E. Catabolism

E. Catabolism

Activation energy is… A. The energy of motion B. Stored energy C. The same as heat energy D. The energy in chemical bonds E. The energy needed to start a reaction

E. The energy needed to start a reaction

Chemical reactions that yield energy, such as heat, are said to be… A. Endergonic B. Activated C. Exergonic D. Neutral E. Thermonuclear

C. Exergonic

Which of the following statements about water is false? A. It is composed of polar molecules B. It is responsible for much of the mass of the human body C. It has a relatively low heat capacity D. It can dissolve many substances E. It contains hydrogen bonds

C. It has a relatively low heat capacity

Which of the following has the highest concentration of hydrogen ions? A. Ph 1 B. Ph 14 C. Ph 7 D. Ph 10 E. Ph 2

A. Ph 1

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called… A. Isotopes B. Isomers C. Isozymes D. Isotypes E. Isomoles

B. Isomers

A polysaccharide that is formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose is a… A. Lactose B. Cellulose C. Glycogen D. Sucrose E. Fructose

C. Glycogen

Carbohydrate molecules… A. Are the building blocks of cellular membranes B. Form the regulatory molecules known as enzymes C. Are the body’s most readily available source of energy D. Are composed of C, H, O, and N atom E. Contain the genetic information found in cells

C. Are the body’s most readily available source of energy

When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis, A. Two new monosaccharides are formed B. A disaccharide is formed C. A polysaccharide is formed D. A starch is formed E. Hydrolysis occurs

B. A disaccharide is formed

Which of the following is/are needed to form a triglyceride molecule? A. 3 glycerol molecules B. 1 glycerol molecule C. 3 fatty acid molecules D. 3 glycerol molecules and 3 fatty acid molecules E. 3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule

E. 3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule

A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms is… A. Unsaturated B. Polyunsaturated C. Dehydrated D. Saturated E. Trans-fat

D. Saturated

Select all that apply. A shortage of steroids in the body would result in a shortage of… A. Sex hormones B. Proteins C. Plasma membranes D. Glycogen

A. Sex hormones C. Plasma membranes

These lipids help immune system with self recognition… A. Triglycerides B. Calcitriol C. Glycolipids D. Cholesterol E. Phospholipids

C. Glycolipids

Each amino acid differs from another in the… A. Number of central carbon atoms B. Size of the amino group C. Number of carboxyl groups D. Nature of the side chain E. Number of peptide bonds in the molecule

D. Nature of the side chain

The alpha-helix and beta sheet are examples of ________ protein structure. A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Quaternary E. Pentanary

B. Secondary

Which level(s) of protein structure is/are not affected by denaturation? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Quarternary

A. Primary

Select all statements that are true. Nucleic acids _____ A. Are built from amino acids B. Have pentose sugar in it’s structure C. Have a phosphate group in its structure D. Uracil is present in RNA E. Adenine is present in RNA structure

B, C, D , E

In RNA, nucleotides are held together by… A. Peptide bonds B. Covalent bonds C. Hydrogen bonds D. Ionic bonds

B. Covalent bonds

In DNA, complimentary strands are held together by… A. Peptide bonds B. Covalent bonds C. Hydrogen bonds D. Ionic bonds

C. Hydrogen bonds

What are building blocks of proteins? A. Amino acids B. Nucleotides C. Monosaccharides D peptides E. Ribose

A. Amino acids

The only kind of cell in the body that is not produced by the division of preexisting cells is… A. A gamete (sperm or egg) B. A neuron (nerve cell) C. An osteocyte (bone cell) D. None, because every cell is produced by the division of another cell E. A liver cell

D. None, because every cell is produced by the division of another cell

Compared to the extracellular fluid, cytosol contains… A. More potassium B. Fewer dissolved proteins C. Less glycogen D. More amino acids E. Less lipids

A. More potassium

What would be an example of a cell maintaining homeostasis at the cellular level? A. A cell of the intestine secretes digestive enzymes B. A muscle cell contracts C. A sperm fertilizes an egg D. A cell takes up potassium to maintain the proper cytoplasmic potassium concentration E. A cell divides to become two cells

D. A cell takes up potassium to maintain the proper cytoplasmic potassium concentration

Histones are found in… A. Nucleosomes B. Proteasomes C. Lysosomes D. Vesicles E. Endosomes

A. Nucleosomes

Microfilaments do not… A. Anchor the cytoskeleton to membrane proteins B. Help determine the consistency of cytoplasm C. Produce cell movement, with myosin D. Consist of the protein called actin E. Distribute chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell

E. Distribute chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell

mark all answers that apply to Microfilaments A. Are made of myosin B. Are hollow tubes C. Anchor cytoskeleton to cell membrane D. Radiate from centrosome E. Are involved in muscle contraction

C. Anchor cytoskeleton to cell membrane E. Are involved in muscle contraction

Membrane proteins that extend into the lipid bilayer are called ________. A. Peripheral proteins B. Extrinsic proteins C. Integral proteins D. Glycoproteins E. Lipoproteins

C. Integral proteins

Molecules that serve as chemical signals to open or close gated ion channels are ________. A. Isotopes B. Ligands C. Responders D. Communicators E. Membrane proteins

B. Ligands

The collection of carbohydrates, glycolipids, and glycoproteins of the plasma membrane is called the ________. A. Fluid mosaic B. Extracellular membrane C. Intercellular fluid D. Phospholipid E. Glycocalyx

E. Glycocalyx

The main components of the plasma membrane are… A. Carbohydrates, ions, and lipids B. Lipids and ions C. Proteins and carbohydrates D. Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates E. Ions, lipids, and proteins

D. Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates

Select a true statement concerning membrane transport across the plasma membrane. A. Polar molecules are transported more easily than nonpolar molecules B. Lipid soluble substances pass through the membrane by dissolving in the lipid bilayer C. Water cannot move through the membrane D. Generally, cations pass through the membrane more easily than anions E. All molecules are moved across by active transport

B. Lipid soluble substances pass through the membrane by dissolving in the lipid bilayer

In general, water-soluble molecules diffuse through the __________, and lipid-soluble molecules diffuse through the ____________. A. Channels; channels B. Channels; lipid bilayer C. Lipid bilayer; channels D. Lipid bilayer; lipid bilayer E. Channels; glycoproteins

B. Channels; lipid bilayer

In the process of diffusion, net movement of substances is always from a region… A. Outside the cell to a region inside the cell B. Inside the cell to a region outside the cell C. Of lower concentration to higher concentration D. Of higher concentration to lower concentration E. None of these choices are correct

D. Of higher concentration to lower concentration

A runner produced large volume of sweat while running a marathon in hot weather. After the race, he drank large volumes of water. As a result of the water intake, his body cells will… A. Shrink B. Swell C. Crenate D. Shrivel E. Not change

B. Swell

A symporter will transport ________ across the plasma membrane. A. Two different ions or molecules in opposite directions B. Two different ions or molecules in the same direction C. Two of the same ions or molecules in the same direction D. One specific ion or molecules E. Two of the same ions or molecules in opposite directions

B. Two different ions or molecules in the same direction

A fat-soluble vitamin would move across the plasma membrane into the cell… A. In vesicles B. Through vitamin membrane channels C. By dissolving in the lipid bilayer D. By transport with carrier molecules E. By active transport

C. By dissolving in the lipid bilayer

Solution A contains 5 grams of sugar per liter while solution B contains 2 grams of sugar per liter. The solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If the solvent in both solutions is water, predict in which direction most of the water molecules will move. A. Most of the water will move by simple diffusion from solution A to solution B B. Most of the water will move by osmosis from solution B to solution A C. Most of the water will move by active transport from solution B to solution A D. Most of the water will move by filtration from solution A to solution B E. There will be no movement of water

B. Most of the water will move by osmosis from solution B to solution A

Cyanide stops the production of ATP. Which of the following processes would be affected? A. Simple diffusion B. Osmosis C. Active transport D. Facilitated diffusion E. Filtration

C. Active transport

Which phase of the cell cycle is most inconsistent in duration? A. S phase B. G0 phase C. G1 phase D. G2 phase E. V phase

B. G0 phase

A cell duplicates its chromosomes during the ________ phase. A. G0 phase B. G1 phase C. G2 phase D. Mitosis E. S phase

E. S phase

When telomeres get too short after repeated cell divisions, A. The cell dies B. The cell becomes cancerous C. The cell stops dividing D. The chromosomes uncoil E. The cell divides more frequently

C. The cell stops dividing

Each triplet of bases in a gene corresponds to… A. One amino acid in a protein B. One DNA nucleotide C. One protein D. One mRNA E. One chromosome

A. One Amino acid in a protein

The enzyme ________ is required for the synthesis of mRNA.’ A. RNA polymerase B. Deoxyribose C. Phosphatase D. RNA synthetase E. DNA polymerase

A. RNA polymerase

During protein synthesis, amino acids are assembled in the proper sequence because each tRNA has a(n) ________ that binds to the next codon in the mRNA. A. Enzyme B. Nucleotide C. Anticodon D. Promoter E. Transporter

C. Anticodon

The duplication of DNA is called ________, the copying of DNA to mRNA is called ________, and the reading of the mRNA by the cell to make a protein is called ________. A. Replication; transcription; translation B. Interphase; replication; active transport C. Replication; translation; transcription D. Mitosis; duplication; protein synthesis E. Reproduction; duplication; initiation

A. Replication; transcription; translation

Nonpolar organic molecules are good examples of… A. Solutes B. Hydrophilic compounds C. Hydrophobic compounds D. Molecules that will dissociate when placed into water E. Electrolytes

C. Hydrophobic compounds

Sellect all statements that are true. Fructose is: A. An isotope of glucose B. An isomer of glucose C. A carbohydrate D. A monosaccharide E. A hexose

B, C, D, E

An example of a receptor in a negative feedback loop is best represented by… A. Regulatory centers that send commands to an effector B. temperature sensors on the skin that detect a stimulus. C. sweat glands that act like effectors D. sweat glands that increase secretion E. effectors that cause blood vessels to dilate.

B. temperature sensors on the skin that detect a stimulus.

A control center in positive feedback sends signals to the ____. A. Receptor B. Hypothalamus C. Thermoregulator D. Stimulus E. Effector

E. Effector

Check all correct statements about various organic compounds. A. cholesterol contains glycerol in it's structure B. phospholipids are amphipathic C. carbohydrates are stored in the body as glycogen in unlimited capacity D. triglycerides can be stored in the body in unlimited capacity E. proteins are preferred energy source for ATP producion

B. phospholipids are amphipathic D. triglycerides can be stored in the body in unlimited capacity

Choose all answers that are true for cations, A. they have more protons than electrons B. They must have equal number of protons an electrons C. they have more electrons than protons D. they gained proton(s) E. they lost electron(s)

A. they have more protons than electrons E. they lost electron(s)

One type of biopsy is a procedure to remove and analyze a piece of tissue from the body to diagnose cancer. The biopsy analysis best fits this category _______. A. Physiology B. Histology C. Cytology D. Embryology E. Anatomy

B. Histology

A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms is A. Saturated B. Monounsaturated C. Dehydrated D. Denatured E. Polyunsaturated

A. Saturated

Check all statements that are true of DNA. A. A DNA strand is made via dehydration synthesis reaction B. The complimentary strands are held by ionic bonds C. DNA strand is created by covalent bonds between amino acids D. There are hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases E. The complimentary strands are held by covalent bonds

A. A DNA strand is made via dehydration synthesis reaction D. There are hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases

In hydrolysis reactions, compounds react with… A. carbon, causing decomposition B. water, causing decomposition C. water, causing synthesis D. water, causing anabolism E. glucose, causing decomposition

B. water, causing decomposition

Which one of the following pairs is mismatched? A. dehydration reaction - water is a product of the reaction B. anabolic reaction - two reactants combine to form a larger product C. condensation – smaller products are formed from larger reactant D. hydrolysis - water is used in catabolic reaction E. decomposition reaction - large reactant broken into smaller products

C. condensation – smaller products are formed from larger reactant

Which of the following is NOT a primary type of tissue found in the body? A. Nervous B. Connective C. Epithelial D. Skeletal E. Muscular

D. skeletal