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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the central nervous system

A

sensory: receive stimuli
integrative: analyze, make decision
motor: activate effector

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2
Q

Divisions of peripheral nervous system

A

Afferent
Efferent

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3
Q

Afferent

A

sensory, internal/external stimuli, brain to nerves

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4
Q

Efferent

A

motor, activate effectors, CNS to PNS

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5
Q

Two types of nervous tissue cells

A

neuron: excitable, high metabilic rate, action potential
glial cells: nonexcitable, protect neurons, 6 types

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6
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord
neurons, glia
nuclei: cell body
tracts: bundles of nerve fibers of axons

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7
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

ganglia: cell bodies
peripheral nerves: axon bundles of neurons, blood vessels, and connective tissue

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8
Q

neurons

A

long-lived amitotic
high metabolic rate (glucose + O2)
excitable
action potential: electrical signal along neuron membrane

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9
Q

Neuron anatomy

A

nucleus
perikaryon (cytoplasm)
nucleoli
organelles
cytoskeleton
neurofilaments/neurotubules: transport
neurofibrils: support for dendrites + axon
nissl bodies: dense areas of RER and ribosomes (gray matter)
NO centrioles
NO mitotic spindle

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10
Q

dendrites structure and function

A

short processes branching off cell body
one or multiple
receive input and transfer it to cell body
more dendrites = more input possible

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11
Q

axon

A

axon hillock: connects to axon initial segment
sends electrical signal (AP) to another neuron/muscle/gland
Long axons: more myelin, collaterals (branches), telodendria at end of synaptic terminal

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12
Q

what is a synapse?

A

site of neuron to cell communication

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13
Q

what does the presynaptic cell do?

A

send message

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14
Q

what does the postsynaptic cell do?

A

receive message (neuron, muscle, gland)

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15
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

the small gap between presynaptic membrane and postsynaptic membrane

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16
Q

where are neurotransmitters released?

A

from synaptic vesicles in synaptic (axon) terminal

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17
Q

axoplasmic transport

A

movement between cell body and synaptic terminal
transport neurotransmitters, enzymes, proteins, debris
Anterograde: body to synaptic terminal (neurotransmitter)
Retrograde: terminal to body (debris, rabies)

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18
Q

What is the most common type of neuron?

A

Multipolar neurons

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19
Q

Multipolar Neurons

A

Most common
All motor neurons
All interneurons

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20
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A

2 processes extend from body
limited - retina and ear

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21
Q

Unipolar Neuron

A

1 process extend from body
Sensory neurons of PNS

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22
Q

Sensory Neurons (types and receptors)

A

Somatic: external
Visceral: internal
Receptors: interoceptors, exteroceptors, proprioceptors

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23
Q

Interneurons (function/where)

A

Most abundant
Distribute sensory info
Mainly CNS

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24
Q

Motor Neuron (types)

A

Somatic: skeletal muscle, conscious control, CNS
Visceral: cardiac/smooth muscle, unconscious control, pre- or ganglionic neurons, CNS or PNS

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25
Neuroglia (structure/function)
"nerve glue" Supporting cells Non-excitable in CNS/PNS Smaller than neurons Mitosis Protect/nourish neurons Physical Scaffolding Critical for normal function at neural synapses
26
How many types of neuroglia are there?
6
27
Types of neuroglia
Satellite cells Schwann cells Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells
28
Satellite Cells
PNS Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia Regulate O2, CO2, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia Physically separate cell bodies in ganglion from surrounding cells
29
Schwann Cells
"Neurolemmocyte" Surround axons in PNS Myelinate peripheral axons for faster action potential propagation Participate in repair process after injury Damage = multiple sclerosis
30
Oligodendrocytes
Myelinate CNS axons Provide structural framework Prevent ion passage through axonal membrane
31
Astrocytes
Maintain blood-brain barrier Controls substance into brain nervous tissue from blood Protect from toxins Provide structural support (cytoskeleton) Regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations between blood and interstitial fluid Absorb/recycle neurotransmitters Form scar tissue Assist neuronal development of fetal brain Occupy space of dying neurons
32
Microglia
Remove cell debris, waste, and pathogens by phagocytosis Wander CNS + replicate in infection
33
Ependymal cells
Line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cord) Assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid Choroid plexus: produce cerebrospinal fluid, cilia to circulate CSF
34
Which cells are part of the PNS?
Schwann cells Satellite cells
35
Which cells are part of the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells
36
White matter contains...
Myelinated axons
37
Grey matter contains...
Dense neuronal cell bodies Dendrites Unmyelinated axons
38
Transmembrane potential
+/- ions held apart by selectively permeable membrane Varies with cell activity Electrical potential difference: voltage storage Determined by activity of passive/active forces Resting membrane potential: -70mV
39
Passive forces acting across membrane
Chemical gradient: high to low conc. K+/Na+ distribution Electrical gradient: ions, protein distribution difference, + in - out Current: ion flow across membrane Resistance: membrane restricts ion flow through closing/opening channels
40
Electrochemical gradient for K+
Chemical gradient: K+ pushed out of cell Electrical gradient: - inside, + outside Net driving force: out of cell (weakened)
41
Electrochemical gradient for Na+
Chemical gradient: Na+ into cell Electrical gradient: - inside, + outside Net driving force: into cell (strong)
42
Active forces across membrane
Na+/K+ exchange pump (ATPase) Powered by ATP Carries 3Na+ out and 2K+ in Balances passive forces of diffusion Maintains resting potential: helps cell negativity
43
Leak channels
Always open Allow diffusion of ions from high to low conc. Establish resting potential
44
Gated channels (active)
Most closed at resting potential Open/close in response to stimuli Chemically gated Voltage gated Mechanically gated
45
Chemically (ligand) gated channels
Open/close when bind to specific chemical On dendrites/cell bodies of neuron ex. acetylcholine receptor
46
Voltage gated channels
In excitable membrane (generate ATP) Open/close in response to change in membrane potential Activation/inactivation gates On axons: Unipolar, Multipolar neurons, t-tubules of muscle ex. voltage gated K+, Na+, Ca2+ channels
47
Mechanically gated channels
Response of physical distortion of membrane (touch, pressure, stretch, vibration) On dendrites and cell bodies of neuron
48
Depolarization
Inner surface membrane becomes less negative compared to resting potential ex. Na+ moves in
49
Repolarization
Removal of stimulus Restore resting potential after depolarization Combo of membrane channels ex. K+, Na+ pump
50
Hyperpolarization
Membrane more negative than resting Increased loss of ions (K+ channels)
51
Graded Potential
Local changes in transmembrane potential Stimulus causes opening of chemically/mechanically gated channels on dendrite or cell body - Causes local depolarization Can't spread far from site of stimulation (amount of depolarization decreases as distance from stimulus' graded potential increases)
52
Generation of Action Potential steps
1. Depolarization to threshold: local currents, graded potential summation at axon hillock 2. Activation of Na+ channels and rapid depolarization (positive feedback-loop) 3. Repolarization: inactivation of Na+ channels and slow activation of K+ channels (+30mV) 4. Hyperpolarization: return to normal, Inactivation gate open, activation gate closed)
53
Refractory Period
Time during AP when 2nd AP can't form in response to normal threshold stimulus
54
Absolute refractory
Na+ channels max open or inactivated K+ flow - opposing force Small axon diameter = longer refractory period
55
Relative refractory
Produce AP in response to larger than normal stimulus if local current brings more Na+ in to counteract K+ out
56
Propagation
Message passed along axons by repeating the same events over and over (open voltage-gated channels)
57
Continuous propagation
Unmyelinated axons Very slow AP begins at initial segment Local current spreads in all directions Axon hillock doesn't respond to AP, has no VGSCs AP propagated in chain reaction down axon AP can't travel backwards
58
Saltatory propagation
Fast Less ATP required Local currents skip internodes and leap to nodes of ranvier Myelin wrapped around axon prevents continuous propagation-resistance (Na+ diffuses through axoplasm)
59
Factors affecting propagation speed
1. Myelination 2. Axon diameter: larger = faster
60
Nerve fiber - Type A
Large Myelinated Fastest ex. somatic sensory and motor fibers in skin, skeletal muscles, joint
61
Nerve Fiber - Type B and C
Smaller B is myelinated C is unmyelinated ex. visceral sensory and motor fibers in organs
62
Chemical synapses
Not direct cell-cell attachment Most neuron-neuron and all neuron to other cell (gland/muscle) synapses Presynaptic cell: releases chemical (neurotransmitter) Postsynaptic cell: may trigger AP
63
Excitatory neurotransmitter
Leads to depolarization Promote AP
64
Inhibitory neurotransmitter
Leads to hyperpolarization Suppress AP
65
Cholinergic Synapses
Release acetylcholine All NMJ (skeletal muscle) All neuron-neuron in PNS All parasympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandary synapses
66
Synaptic delay
Between arrival of AP at synaptic terminal and effect on post-synaptic cell Reflects time Ca2+ influx and neurotransmitter release Fewer synapses = shorter delay = faster response ex. reflexes
67
Synaptic fatigue
Neurotransmitter can't recycle fast enough for demands, depends on RER production Inactive until Ach replenished via recycling or anterograde transport
68
Neuromodulators
Alter the rate of neurotransmitter release or post synaptic cell response to neurotransmitter Released in synaptic cleft
69
Norepinephrine (NE)
Adrenergic synapses Excitatory (depolarize) Uses neurons distributed in CNS and ANS
70
Dopamine
CNS Excitatory or inhibitory Parkinsons (inhibitory) Drugs and ADHD (Excitatory)
71
Serotonin
CNS Depends on receptor Affect attention and emotional states (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) Prozac, Zoloft, Lexapro, exercise
72
Neuropeptides
Substance P and pain nerves
73
Opioids (peptides)
Endorphins and pain control
74
Gasses
NO and CO in PNS and CNS
75
Metabotroic receptors
1st messenger (NT) binds to receptors coupled with G-protein G-protein activates adenylate cyclase which makes cAMP 2nd messengers are ions/molecules inside the cell which open channels/activate enzymes
76
Lipid-soluble gas
Diffusion Bind to enzymes in cytosol Produce 2nd messengers that affect cell activity NO and CO at certain brain synapses
77
Spatial summation
Stimuli from different synapses Depolarization depends on amount of active synapses and distance from hillock If axon hillock and initial segment reach threshold, neuron fires AP
78
Temporal summation
Multiple stimuli at one synapse More neurotransmitters released by single presynaptic knob = more gated channels open in axon hillock Graded potentials increase Axon hillock and initial segment reach threshold
79
Trigger zone
Net summation of EPSPs and IPSPs determines whether an action potential is generated here
80
Post-synaptic potentials
Graded potentials develop in postsynaptic membrane as a result of neurotransmitter binding EPSP IPSP
81
EPSP
Causes membrane to depolarize, closer to threshold
82
IPSP
Causes membrane to hyperpolarize, farther from threshold
83
Frequency of AP is limited by what?
Refractory periods and availability of neurotransmitters
84
Neuron pools
Billions of neurons that interpret and coordinate incoming/outgoing signals
85
Neuronal circuit
Writing patterns of synaptic connections in pools
86
Divergence
Amplifies signals Depolarization of 1 neuron stimulates many pools
87
Convergence
Stimulation and inhibition Several neurons synapse on one postsynaptic neuron
88
Reverberation
Branches from later neurons synapse with earlier ones Sends impulses back through circuit again Prolongs response to stimulus
89
Serial processing
Info relayed in stepwise manner from one neuron to another
90
Parallel processing
Requires divergence Several neurons process same info at same time

Anatomy And Physiology (19 decks)

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