Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
Study of internal and external structures of the body, physical relationships between parts
Physiology
study of function
Gross Anatomy
Surface, Regional, Systemic, Developmental, Clinical
Microscopic
Cytology and Histology
Integumentary System
Protects against environmental hazards, regulate body temp, takes in sensory info (skin, hair, sweat glands, nails)
Skeletal System
Support and protection, store calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells (bone, cartilage, ligaments, bone marrow)
Muscular System
Movement, protection and support, generates heat (tendons, skeletal muscles)
Nervous System
Direct immediate response to stimuli, coordinates other system activities, provide sensory info about external conditions (brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs)
Endocrine System
Direct long-term changes in organ system activities, adjusts metabolic activity/energy, control structural and functional changes during development (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads, endocrine tissues in other systems)
Cardiovascular System
Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials (nutrients/waste products/oxygen/CO2), Distribute heat (heart, blood, blood vessels
Lymphatic System
Defend against infection/disease, returns tissue fluids to bloodstream (spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils)
Respiratory System
Delivers air to alveoli (gas exchange), provide O2 to blood, remove CO2 from blood, produce sound for communication (nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli)
Digestive System
Process and digest food, absorb and conserve water, absorb nutrients, stores energy reserves. (Teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas)
Urinary System
Excrete waste from blood, controls water balance by regulating urine volume, stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, regulates blood ion concentrations and pH (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra)
Reproductive System (Male)
produce sperm, suspending fluids and hormones, sex (testes, epididymides, seminal vesicles, ductus deferential, prostate gland, penis, scrotum)
Reproductive System (Female)
Produce oocytes and hormones, sex, support developing embryo, provides milk to nourish newborn infant (ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands)
Homeostasis
All body systems working together to maintain a stable environment (systems respond within set point)
Autoregulation (Intrinsic)
First response, Automatic response in a cell/tissue/organ (O2 levels drop so cells tell blood vessels to dilate to increase blood flow and supply more O2)
Extrinsic Response
Backup response, Response controlled by nervous and endocrine systems (exercise causes the heart rate to increase to circulate blood faster and reduce blood flow to digestive tract
Negative Feedback
Response of effector negates original stimulus
Positive Feedback
Response of the effector increases change of stimulus, body moves farther away from homeostasis, speeds up processes (blood clotting, cervix stretching during birth)
Surface Anatomy
Covers the outside of the body
Regional Anatomy
Covers different areas/sections of the body
Systemic Anatomy
Covers all the organ systems
