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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the composition of the integumentary system

A

The cutaneous membrane (skin) is made up of the epidermis and the dermis.

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2
Q

The epidermis is made up of this type of tissue.

A

Epithelial tissue

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3
Q

The dermis is made up of this type of tissue.

A

Connective tissue

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4
Q

List the functions of the skin

A

Protection
Gland excretion
Maintain body temp
Melanin production
Keratin production (water repellent)
D3 synthesis (for Ca 2 metabolism)
Storage (lipids)
Detection (touch, pressure, pain, temperature)

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5
Q

The epidermis components

A

Avascular stratified squamous epithelium ( top layer)
Basal surface (more metabolic demands)
Basal Lamina (separates from dermis)

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6
Q

Cells of epidermis

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Merkel cells
Langerhans cells

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7
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Majority of epidermis
Makes keratin
Abrasion resistant
Reduce H20 loss
Have some melanin

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8
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce brown/black pigment
Skin color/ uv protection
Transfer melanin granules to keratinocytes
Everyone has the same amount (some just work harder than others)

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9
Q

Merkel cells

A

Touch sensation

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10
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Dendritic
Immune response

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11
Q

5 layers of epidermis

A

Stratum basale / germinative
Stratum spinosum / spiny layer
Stratum granulosum / grainy layer
Stratum lucidum / clear layer
Stratum corneum / horn layer

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12
Q

Stratum basale/ germinative layer

A

Youngest/deepest
Bind epidermis to dermis
Keratinocytes bound to basal Lamina
Keratin intermediate filaments
Hemidesmosomes: attach cell to extracellular matrix
Desmosomes: attach cell to cell
Specialized cells: Merkel cells + melanocytes

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13
Q

Stratum spinosum / spiny layer

A

8-10 layers of keratinocytes (usually thickest layer )
Produced by stratum basale division
Specialized cells: langerhans cells (phagocytic)

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14
Q

Stratum granulosum /grainy layer

A

3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes
No cell division
Keratin + keratohyalin produced which form dense granules, cross -links keratin
Cells dehydrate, no nutrients (disintegrate)
Thick skin (hand/feet)

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15
Q

Stratum lucidum / clear layer

A

Flattened packed dead cells full of keratin
Palms, soles, fingertips

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16
Q

Stratum corneum / horn layer

A

Exposed surface
15-30 layers of dead cells
Water resistant
Shed every 2 weeks
Callous

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17
Q

Thin skin

A

No stratum lucidum
Hairy parts of body
4 layers

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18
Q

Thick skin

A

Thick stratum corneum
Palms, soles, hairless
5 layers

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19
Q

Epidermal ridges (stratum basale)

A

Increase surface area of skin
Increase friction, secure grip

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20
Q

Dermal papillae (dermis)

A

Increase surface area of basement membrane
Stronger attachment of dermis to epidermis

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21
Q

The dermis

A

Between epidermis and hypodermis
Anchors epidermal accessory structures
Outer papillary layer
Deep reticular layer

22
Q

Papillary layer tissue is

A

Thin areolar connective tissue

23
Q

Papillary layer functions

A

Cells wander + defend (lymph nodes)
In blood, sensory neurons
Ex. Dermatitis, bruises

24
Q

The reticular layer is this tissue

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

25
Q

Reticular layer functions

A

Larger blood vessels, nerve fibers
Contains fibroblasts
Collagen provides strength and prevents too much stretch
Ex. Stretch marks, wrinkles

26
Q

Cleavage lines

A

Collagen in reticular region orient more in one direction than others
Ex. Surgeons pay attention to this while stitching to avoid scars

27
Q

Hypodermis

A

Attached to bone
Adipose and areolar (fat + blood vessels)
1/2 body fat reserves
Blood reserves but no vital organs
Ex. This is where injections are placed

28
Q

Skin color pigments

A

Carotene
Melanin
Hemoglobin

29
Q

Carotene

A

Epidermal cells
Fatty tissue
Can be converted into Vitamin A
Ex. Makes skin orange if you eat too many carrots

30
Q

Melanin

A

Melanocytes in stratum basale
In keratinocytes, phagocytes, and melanosomes
Ex. Vitiligo - random dark/light patches b/c the immune system attacks melanocytes

31
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Red pigment from RBCs

32
Q

How does melanin protect DNA from UV rays?

A

Melanin gathers around the nucleus, more UV = more melanin

33
Q

What is melanoma?

A

The most dangerous skin cancer, caused by DNA damage in melanocytes

34
Q

How do we get vitamin D3?

A

Through UV radiation or when epidermal cells produce it from steroids

35
Q

What does vitamin D3 do?

A

It gets converted to calcitriol in the liver and kidneys, and then aids calcium and phosphorous absorbed in the GI tract
Difficiency: rickets

36
Q

First degree burn hits this layer of skin

A

Epidermis

37
Q

Second degree burn hits this layer of skin

A

Dermis

38
Q

Third degree burn hits this layer

A

Subcutaneous tissue

39
Q

Name 3 integumentary accessory structures

A

hair, sweat glands, nails

40
Q

Hair function

A

Protect
Insulation
Guard openings
Signal sexual maturity

41
Q

Hair follicles

A

Invagination of epidermis into dermis
Wrapped with dense connective tissue sheath
Root hair plexus (why you can feel your hair move)
Arrector pili (smooth muscle cells causing goose bumps)

42
Q

What is secreted from sebaceous glands?

A

Sebum (oil)

43
Q

How does sebaceous gland release sebum?

A

Whole cell ruptures and releases sebum into hair follicle or directly to skin

44
Q

What is sebum made of and what is its purpose?

A

Triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, electrolytes
Inhibits bacteria growth
Lubricate/protect
Prevent dehydration

45
Q

What are the two types of sudoriferous glands?

A

Apocrine and merocrine

46
Q

Where do we have apocrine glands?

A

Armpit, groin, nipples

47
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

Pinch off part of cell
Sticky, cloudy, and odorous
Begins at puberty in response to hormones and nervous system

48
Q

Where do we have merocrine glands?

A

Forehead, palms, and soles

49
Q

Merocrine gland purpose

A

Exocytosis
Sweat (99% water, waste, electrolytes)
Cool body
Protection

50
Q

Nail components

A

Stratum corneum with keratin
Nail bed: epidermis stratum basale
Hyponychium: thickened stratum corneum (fingertip)

Anatomy And Physiology (19 decks)

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