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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

Operates without conscious instruction
Control visceral effectors
Coordinated system functions (cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, sweating, reproductive)
Controlled by hypothalamus, brainstem, + spinal cord
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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2
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Single lower motor neuron w/ long myelinated axon to effector
Cell bodies in CNS
All neurons release Ach (always stimulatory)
Fast

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3
Q

Pre-ganglionic neuron in ANS

A

Cell body in spinal cord or brainstem
Lightly myelinated axons
Release Ach (always stimulatory)
Synapses on post-ganglionic neuron

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4
Q

Post-ganglionic neuron in ANS

A

Cell body in autonomic ganglion
Unmyelinated axons from ganglion to visceral effector
Release Ach, norepinephrine, epinephrine
Effects could be inhibitory or stimulatory

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5
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

Preganglionic neurons between T1-L2 (Thoracolumbar)
Cell bodies form lateral gray horn
Short preganglionic axons exit through ventral root of spinal nerves

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6
Q

3 ganglionic neuron locations and effectors

A

Sympathetic chain (trunk) ganglia (paravertebral)
Collateral ganglia (prevertebral)
Adrenal medulla (suprarenal medulla)

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7
Q

Sympathetic chain (trunk) ganglia (paravertebral)

A

Long ganglionic neuron axons control effectors in body wall, inside thoracic cavity, head, limbs

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8
Q

Collateral ganglia (prevertebral)

A

Long ganglionic neuron axons innervate tissues and organs in abdominopelvic cavity

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9
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Pre-ganglionic neuron goes to adrenal medulla
Neuroendocrine cells in AM release neurotransmitters (EPI, NE) into blood to function as hormones

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10
Q

Sympathetic chain ganglia pathway (preganglion)

A

Axons from T1-L2 lateral horns ascend/descend to sympathetic ganglia, synapse with ganglionic neuron

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11
Q

Collateral ganglia pathway (preganglion)

A

Axons pass through sympathetic chain without synapsing form splanchinc nerves, synapse with ganglionic neurons in collateral ganglia (celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, inferior mesenteric ganglion)

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12
Q

Sympathetic chain ganglia pathway (post-ganglion)

A

Axons: Gray ramus communicans, spinal nerves, sympathetic nerves

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13
Q

Collateral ganglia pathway (postganglion)

A

Axons leave ganglia and innervate abdominopelvic organs via NE release
Release energy stores
Decrease blood flow to non-essential organs

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14
Q

Celiac Ganglion

A

Celiac artery
Innervates stomach, spleen, pancreas, lover, gallbladder, proximal intestine

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15
Q

Superior Mesenteric Ganglion

A

Superior mesenteric artery
Innervates distal small intestine, proximal large intestine, kidneys, proximal uterus

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16
Q

Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion

A

Inferior mesenteric artery
Innervates distal large intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, parts of ureters, reproductive organs

17
Q

Adrenal Medula Pathway

A

Preganglionic neurons run in splanchinc nerve to adrenal medulla
Preganglionic axons synapse on many neuroendocrine cells: release hormones to blood, “adrenaline rush”, epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine, effects of NT long lasting

18
Q

Sympathetic activation

A

Controlled by hypothalamus
Acheived by release of NE at peripheral synapses or EPI and NE in blood

19
Q

Sympathetic activation physiological changes

A

Pupils dilate
Increase HR and BP
Airways dilate
Decrease of blood flow to non-essential organs
Release of stored energy by liver + adipose tissue

20
Q

Parasympathetic (craniosacral) division (pre-ganglion)

A

Long axons, not many branches
Cell bodies originate in brainstem + sacrum
Axons in: cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X, splanchinc nerves
Release Ach
Terminal ganglia: close to effector
Intramural ganglia: within organ wall

21
Q

Parasympathetic (craniosacral) division (post-ganglion)

A

Short
Release Ach
Activate few effectors each: brief + local response

22
Q

Parasympathetic cranial nerves (pre-ganglion)

A

Synapse on terminal ganglia
III (Occulomotor): ciliary
VII (facial): submundibular + pterogopalatine ganglion
IX (glossopharangial): otic ganglion
X (vagus): terminal ganglia or intramural ganglia

23
Q

Parasympathetic cranial nerves (post-ganglion)

A

Short
Terminate on effectors resulting in:
Pupillary constriction
Production/secretion of tears, mucus, saliva
Increased mucus production
Increased small muscle activity
Increased secretory activity of digestive organs
Decreased airway diameter
Decreased heart rate
Decreased force of contractions

24
Q

Sacral preganglionic neurons

A

Cell bodies in lateral gray horn of S2-S4
Axons form splanchinc nerves and branch to form hypogastric plexus
Synapse on terminal or intramural ganglia

25
Q

Sacral postganglionic axons

A

Innervate effectors: distal portion of large intestine, rectum, distal ureter, reproductive organs
Small muscle contraction in digestive tract and bladder, sexual arousal, defecation

26
Q

Parasympathetic Division Activation

A

Rest and Digest
SLUDD: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Digestion, Defecation
Decreases: HR, Contraction force, Airway diameter, Pupil diameter
Rapidly slows down in emergency

27
Q

Ach receptors

A

Nicotinic: always excitatory, open Na+ channels
Muscarinic: G-protein, excitatory or inhibitory

28
Q

NE and Epi receptors

A

Adrenergic: G-protein, excitatory or inhibitory
Alpha (1 or 2)
Beta: 1=heart, 2=lungs, 3=adipose

29
Q

Dual innervation

A

Sym. Division: widespread, long lasting
PSym. Division: Specific visceral structures, short
Most organs recieve instructions from both divisions, they commonly have opposing effects

30
Q

Autonomic plexuses

A

Nerve networks in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Formed by mingled sympathetic postganglionic fibers
Travel with blood and lymphatic vessels that supply visceral organs

31
Q

Autonomic tone

A

Resting level of spontaneous activity of autonomic motor neurons

32
Q

Visceral reflexes

A

Same components as somatic reflexes: Receptor, sensory neuron, processing center, 2 visceral motor neurons
Short reflex: bypass CNS
Long reflex: Can be modified by higher centers

Anatomy And Physiology (19 decks)

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