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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

5 regions of the brain

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
thalamus
hypothalamus
brain stem

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2
Q

What are the structures of the brainstem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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3
Q

Cerebrum functions

A

conscious thought processes
intellectual functions
memory storage and processing
conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions

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4
Q

What are the components of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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5
Q

Thalamus functions

A

Relay and processing centers for sensory info

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6
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

centers controlling emotion
autonomic functions
hormone production

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7
Q

Midbrain

A

processing visual and auditory info
generate reflexive somatic motor response
maintenance of consciousness

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8
Q

Pons

A

relays sensory info to cerebellum and thalamus
subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers

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9
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

relays sensory info to thalamus and rest of brain stem
autonomic centers for regulating visceral function

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10
Q

Cerebellum

A

coordinates complex somatic patterns
adjust output of other somatic motor centers in brain/spinal cord

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11
Q

4 ventricles of the brain

A

2 lateral: separated by septum pellucidum
3rd ventricle: cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle: continuous with central canal

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12
Q

Cranial meninges function

A

separate/support soft brain tissue
protection from trauma
enclose/protect blood vessels
contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

Dura mater

A

dense irregular connective tissue
periosteal dura: outer, fused to periosteum
meningeal dura: inner fibrous layer, dural folds (support)
dural sinuses: drainage channels where layers are separated

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14
Q

3 largest dural folds

A

Falx cerebri (largest): projections between cerebral hemispheres, superior/inferior sigittal sinus
Tentorium cerebelli: separates cerebellum/cerebrum, contains transverse sinus
Falx cerebelli: divides cerebellar hemispheres below the tentorium cerebelli

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15
Q

Subdural Space

A

potential space between arachnoid dura mater
becomes actual space of blood/fluid accumulates (subdural hematoma)

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16
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

partially composed of collagen/elastic fibers
contains arachnoid trabeculae
supports arteries/veins
trabeculae extending deep to reach pia mater
extend through subarachnoid space which has CSF

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17
Q

Pia mater

A

innermost meninges
thin layer of areolar connective tissue
tightly adheres to brain by astrocytes
follows brain surface

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18
Q

Cerebralspinal Fluid (CSF) function

A

chemical/mechanical protection, cushioning
transport nutrients, oxygen, chemical messengers, waste
compostion: similar to blood serum

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19
Q

CSF production

A

Made in choroid plexus
Specialized ependymal cells and capillaries secrete it into ventricles and adjust its composition

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20
Q

Flow of CSF in brain/spinal cord (7)

A
  1. choroid plexus of lateral ventricle
  2. interventricular foramen
  3. choroid plexus of third ventricle
  4. cerebral aqueducts
  5. choroid plexus of fourth ventricle
  6. median aperture
  7. subarachnoid space
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21
Q

How is excess CSF removed from subarachnoid space?

A

Fingerlike extensions of arachnoid mater project through dura into dural venous sinuses
Drains to jugular veins and returns CSF to blood

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22
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Disorder
Excess CSF causing brain distortion
Causes: obstruction in CSF restricting reabsorption or intrinsic problem with arachnoid villi
treatment: surgery (shunts)

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23
Q

Blood-brain barrier function

A

prevent pathogens from entering the brain, makes it harder to deliver medicine

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24
Q

3 components of blood brain barrier

A

Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells
Thick basement membrane underlying endothelium
Layer of astrocytes that cover capillaries that release chemicals that affect permeability

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25
Blood-brain barrier location
surrounds capillaries of choroid plexus formed by ependymal cells allows chemical composition of blood and CSF to differ
26
Breaks in blood-brain barrier
1. portions of hypothalamus: secrete hypothalamic hormones into blood 2. posterior lobe of pituitary gland: secrete hormones ADH and Oxt 3. pineal gland: pineal secretions (melatonin) 4. choroid plexus: where special ependymal cells maintain blood-csf barriers
27
Medula functions
programs autonomic behaviors critical for survival (relay station) contains groups of nuclei, tracks to/from brain + cerebellum Ascending tracts (posterior columns) Descending tracts (pyramids)
28
Autonomic nuclei
reflex center cardiovascular center vasomotor center digestive center respiratory rhythmicity center all regulated by higher brain centers (pons, thalamus, cerebral cortex)
29
Pons
"bridge" connects cerebellum to cerebrum, midbrain, and spinal cord contains nuclei and tracts part of ascending/descending tracts relays info through transverse fibers nuclei for respiratory control: modifies respiration rate nuclei of cranial nerves (V, VI, VII, VIII)
30
Midbrain
contains copora quadrigemina superior colliculus inferior colliculus substantia nigra cerebral penduncles: motor tracts tegmentum: sensory tracts
31
Superior colliculus
receive visual input from thalamus controls reflexive movement of eyes, neck, and head in response to visual stimuli
32
inferior colliculus
relay auditory info from inner ear to the brain control reflex movement of head, neck, and trunk to auditory stimuli
33
substantia nigra
neurons extend to basal nuclei and release dopamine help control subconscious muscular movement, parkinsons
34
cerebellum functions
sensory motor processing center involuntary coordination and fine tuning of body movements adjust postural muscles and maintain balance regulate and fine tune learned motor movements (walking and talking) stores memories of movement pattern
35
Cerebellum components
arbor vitae: internal network of tracts cerebellar peduncles: tracts link cerebellum with brain and spinal cord vermis: receives sensory input on torso position and balance
36
cerebellar ataxia
impaired voluntary coordination of muscle movement
37
How does cerebellum regulate learned motor movements?
compares motor command (motor cortex) with sensory proprioception and adjust to make movements smooth receives visual, tactile, auditory, and balance info and motor commands via purkinje cells (interneurons)
38
Reticular formation
loosely clustered neurons in white matter ascending and descending functions regulate muscle tone
39
reticular activating system
send continuous impulses to cerebral cortex maintains consciousness, wakefulness (narcolepsy) activation wakes us acts as filter (background noise)
40
diencephalon functions
core of forebrain tissue, cerebral hemispheres surround enclose 3rd ventricle sensory relay before cerebral cortex and consciousness awareness control of autonomic functions emotions links nervous and endocrine system
41
Diencephalon components
thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus: pineal gland (regulate circadian rhythms
42
Thalamus
separated by 3rd ventricle relay station for ascending sensory info to primary somatosensory cortex sensory filter: primary somatosensory cortex thalamic nuclei: grouped by function, relay sensory info as group to basal nuclei/cerebral cortex
43
hypothalamus
Main visceral control center: BP, HR, temp, thrist, sex drive, circadian rhythms, brain stem/spinal cord areas Produces emotions in behavioral drives: subconscious control of skeletal muscle contractions (rage/pleasure/pain) Hunger/thirst Link nervous/endocrine: release/inhibit hormone production in pituitary gland Makes hormones: ADH, Oxytocin
44
Limbic system
cerebral and diencephalon areas process and experience emotion Amygdala: link emotions to memories hippocampus: long-term memory storage/retrieval
45
Cerebrum structure and function
conscious thought/intellectual function process sensory/motor info Gyri and sulcus increase surface area 2 hemispheres 3 regions longitudinal fissure: corpus callosum Central sulcus Pre/post central gyrus
46
3 basic regions of cerebrum
superficial fray matter: 6 layers cerebral cortex - conscious mind internal white matter island of gray matter: basal nuclei
47
Frontal lobe
voluntary motor function higher intellectual function decision making personality motivation verbal communication smell
48
parietal lobe
receive and evaluate sensory info for texture, shapes, understanding speech
49
occipital lobe
visual info
50
temporal lobe
smell, hearing, memory, understanding speech
51
insula
taste, memory
52
Cerebral cortex functional principles
3 types of function areas (motor, sensory, association) each hemisphere gets/sends sensory/motor infor to opp side of body hemispheres look same but have different functions (hemispheric lateralization) no area acts alone
53
White matter
Extensive communication myelinated axons in 3 fiber tracts: association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers
54
association fibers
connect areas in same hemisphere arcuate fiber: one gyrus to next fasciculi: longer, lobe to lobe
55
commissural fibers
connect between hemispheres corpus collosum anterior/posterior commissure
56
projection fibers
all ascending/descending fibers pass to/from cerebral cortex to/from lower CNS via diencephalon
57
basal nuclei (cerebral nuclei/basal ganglia)
islands of gray matter in white matter or cerebrum regulate motor output
58
how do basal nuclei regulate motor output?
subconscious control of sk. muscle between "start and stop) coordination for learned movement patterns (walking) increased activity if substantia nigra damaged (inability to start voluntary movement b/c opp. muscles don't relax)
59
hemispheric lateralization
right and left have diff. functions
60
what does the left hemisphere control?
"school" language: reading, writing, speaking math muscles on right decision making/reasoning
61
what does the right hemisphere control?
"creativity" analyze/interpret sensory info music/art face recognition, 3D spatial + pattern orientation emotional context of conversation muscles on left
62
sensory area location
temporal lobe occipital lobe parietal lobe insula
63
motor area location
posterior frontal lobe
64
association area location/function
connected to sensory + motor areas interpret/integrate sensory info more complex functions (memory, emotion, reasoning)
65
Primary motor cortex (pre-central gyrus)
pyramidal cells: upper motor neurons allow precise, skilled, voluntary movement (cerebellum + basal nuclei) motor homunculus: primary motor cortex controls muscles on opp side (where/how much motor innervation per area)
66
Premotor cortex and association area
association area: connect adjacent neurons, process data/coordinate response, integrate sensory input w/ memories premotor cortex (somatic motor association area): coordinate learned movement, memory for repetitive, pattern, skilled movements
67
Broca's area
speech center left hemisphere produce speech: send motor commands to premotor, primary motor cortex controls larynx/pharynx/mouth lesion: aphasia (can make sounds but not words
68
primary somatosensory cortex
post central gyrus (parietal lobe) conscious awareness of sensation gets info from skin receptors only gets info filtered through thalamus 3rd order neurons in thalamus send it to where you sense it pattern of action potential in different areas of cortex determines perception (light touch, rough touch)
69
sensory homunculus
contains map of whole body indicates amount of sensory info collected in a region large regions for lips, fingers, and genital regions
70
Sensory association areas
connected to primary somatosensory cortex integrate sensory info coming from primary cortex via "association fibers" produce perception of sensation from memory
71
primary visual cortex
occipital lobe and visual association area PVC receives visual info from retina association area: uses past visual experiences to interpret, recognize, and evaluate what is seen
72
primary auditory cortex
temporal lobe and auditory association area sound energy excites inner hearing receptors association area: interpret info (recognize speech, music)
73
wernicke's area
general interpretive area left hemisphere receives info from all sensory association areas recognize, understand, comprehend spoken/written language lesion: aphasia (can speak but doesn't understand words/know what to say)
74
prefrontal cortex of frontal lobe
personality center control expression of emotion interpret/predict situations/events/consequences judgement, reasoning, planning, conscience connected to other cortical areas

Anatomy And Physiology (19 decks)

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