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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

5 regions of the brain

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
thalamus
hypothalamus
brain stem

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2
Q

What are the structures of the brainstem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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3
Q

Cerebrum functions

A

conscious thought processes
intellectual functions
memory storage and processing
conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions

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4
Q

What are the components of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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5
Q

Thalamus functions

A

Relay and processing centers for sensory info

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6
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

centers controlling emotion
autonomic functions
hormone production

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7
Q

Midbrain

A

processing visual and auditory info
generate reflexive somatic motor response
maintenance of consciousness

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8
Q

Pons

A

relays sensory info to cerebellum and thalamus
subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers

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9
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

relays sensory info to thalamus and rest of brain stem
autonomic centers for regulating visceral function

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10
Q

Cerebellum

A

coordinates complex somatic patterns
adjust output of other somatic motor centers in brain/spinal cord

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11
Q

4 ventricles of the brain

A

2 lateral: separated by septum pellucidum
3rd ventricle: cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle: continuous with central canal

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12
Q

Cranial meninges function

A

separate/support soft brain tissue
protection from trauma
enclose/protect blood vessels
contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

Dura mater

A

dense irregular connective tissue
periosteal dura: outer, fused to periosteum
meningeal dura: inner fibrous layer, dural folds (support)
dural sinuses: drainage channels where layers are separated

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14
Q

3 largest dural folds

A

Falx cerebri (largest): projections between cerebral hemispheres, superior/inferior sigittal sinus
Tentorium cerebelli: separates cerebellum/cerebrum, contains transverse sinus
Falx cerebelli: divides cerebellar hemispheres below the tentorium cerebelli

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15
Q

Subdural Space

A

potential space between arachnoid dura mater
becomes actual space of blood/fluid accumulates (subdural hematoma)

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16
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

partially composed of collagen/elastic fibers
contains arachnoid trabeculae
supports arteries/veins
trabeculae extending deep to reach pia mater
extend through subarachnoid space which has CSF

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17
Q

Pia mater

A

innermost meninges
thin layer of areolar connective tissue
tightly adheres to brain by astrocytes
follows brain surface

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18
Q

Cerebralspinal Fluid (CSF) function

A

chemical/mechanical protection, cushioning
transport nutrients, oxygen, chemical messengers, waste
compostion: similar to blood serum

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19
Q

CSF production

A

Made in choroid plexus
Specialized ependymal cells and capillaries secrete it into ventricles and adjust its composition

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20
Q

Flow of CSF in brain/spinal cord (7)

A
  1. choroid plexus of lateral ventricle
  2. interventricular foramen
  3. choroid plexus of third ventricle
  4. cerebral aqueducts
  5. choroid plexus of fourth ventricle
  6. median aperture
  7. subarachnoid space
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21
Q

How is excess CSF removed from subarachnoid space?

A

Fingerlike extensions of arachnoid mater project through dura into dural venous sinuses
Drains to jugular veins and returns CSF to blood

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22
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Disorder
Excess CSF causing brain distortion
Causes: obstruction in CSF restricting reabsorption or intrinsic problem with arachnoid villi
treatment: surgery (shunts)

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23
Q

Blood-brain barrier function

A

prevent pathogens from entering the brain, makes it harder to deliver medicine

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24
Q

3 components of blood brain barrier

A

Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells
Thick basement membrane underlying endothelium
Layer of astrocytes that cover capillaries that release chemicals that affect permeability

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25
Q

Blood-brain barrier location

A

surrounds capillaries of choroid plexus
formed by ependymal cells
allows chemical composition of blood and CSF to differ

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26
Q

Breaks in blood-brain barrier

A
  1. portions of hypothalamus: secrete hypothalamic hormones into blood
  2. posterior lobe of pituitary gland: secrete hormones ADH and Oxt
  3. pineal gland: pineal secretions (melatonin)
  4. choroid plexus: where special ependymal cells maintain blood-csf barriers
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27
Q

Medula functions

A

programs autonomic behaviors critical for survival (relay station)
contains groups of nuclei, tracks to/from brain + cerebellum
Ascending tracts (posterior columns)
Descending tracts (pyramids)

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28
Q

Autonomic nuclei

A

reflex center
cardiovascular center
vasomotor center
digestive center
respiratory rhythmicity center
all regulated by higher brain centers (pons, thalamus, cerebral cortex)

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29
Q

Pons

A

“bridge” connects cerebellum to cerebrum, midbrain, and spinal cord
contains nuclei and tracts
part of ascending/descending tracts
relays info through transverse fibers
nuclei for respiratory control: modifies respiration rate
nuclei of cranial nerves (V, VI, VII, VIII)

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30
Q

Midbrain

A

contains copora quadrigemina
superior colliculus
inferior colliculus
substantia nigra
cerebral penduncles: motor tracts
tegmentum: sensory tracts

31
Q

Superior colliculus

A

receive visual input from thalamus
controls reflexive movement of eyes, neck, and head in response to visual stimuli

32
Q

inferior colliculus

A

relay auditory info from inner ear to the brain
control reflex movement of head, neck, and trunk to auditory stimuli

33
Q

substantia nigra

A

neurons extend to basal nuclei and release dopamine
help control subconscious muscular movement, parkinsons

34
Q

cerebellum functions

A

sensory motor processing center
involuntary coordination and fine tuning of body movements
adjust postural muscles and maintain balance
regulate and fine tune learned motor movements (walking and talking)
stores memories of movement pattern

35
Q

Cerebellum components

A

arbor vitae: internal network of tracts
cerebellar peduncles: tracts link cerebellum with brain and spinal cord
vermis: receives sensory input on torso position and balance

36
Q

cerebellar ataxia

A

impaired voluntary coordination of muscle movement

37
Q

How does cerebellum regulate learned motor movements?

A

compares motor command (motor cortex) with sensory proprioception and adjust to make movements smooth
receives visual, tactile, auditory, and balance info and motor commands via purkinje cells (interneurons)

38
Q

Reticular formation

A

loosely clustered neurons in white matter
ascending and descending functions
regulate muscle tone

39
Q

reticular activating system

A

send continuous impulses to cerebral cortex
maintains consciousness, wakefulness (narcolepsy)
activation wakes us
acts as filter (background noise)

40
Q

diencephalon functions

A

core of forebrain tissue, cerebral hemispheres surround
enclose 3rd ventricle
sensory relay before cerebral cortex and consciousness awareness
control of autonomic functions
emotions
links nervous and endocrine system

41
Q

Diencephalon components

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus: pineal gland (regulate circadian rhythms

42
Q

Thalamus

A

separated by 3rd ventricle
relay station for ascending sensory info to primary somatosensory cortex
sensory filter: primary somatosensory cortex
thalamic nuclei: grouped by function, relay sensory info as group to basal nuclei/cerebral cortex

43
Q

hypothalamus

A

Main visceral control center: BP, HR, temp, thrist, sex drive, circadian rhythms, brain stem/spinal cord areas
Produces emotions in behavioral drives: subconscious control of skeletal muscle contractions (rage/pleasure/pain)
Hunger/thirst
Link nervous/endocrine: release/inhibit hormone production in pituitary gland
Makes hormones: ADH, Oxytocin

44
Q

Limbic system

A

cerebral and diencephalon areas
process and experience emotion
Amygdala: link emotions to memories
hippocampus: long-term memory storage/retrieval

45
Q

Cerebrum structure and function

A

conscious thought/intellectual function
process sensory/motor info
Gyri and sulcus increase surface area
2 hemispheres
3 regions
longitudinal fissure: corpus callosum
Central sulcus
Pre/post central gyrus

46
Q

3 basic regions of cerebrum

A

superficial fray matter: 6 layers cerebral cortex - conscious mind
internal white matter
island of gray matter: basal nuclei

47
Q

Frontal lobe

A

voluntary motor function
higher intellectual function
decision making
personality
motivation
verbal communication
smell

48
Q

parietal lobe

A

receive and evaluate sensory info for texture, shapes, understanding speech

49
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual info

50
Q

temporal lobe

A

smell, hearing, memory, understanding speech

51
Q

insula

A

taste, memory

52
Q

Cerebral cortex functional principles

A

3 types of function areas (motor, sensory, association)
each hemisphere gets/sends sensory/motor infor to opp side of body
hemispheres look same but have different functions (hemispheric lateralization)
no area acts alone

53
Q

White matter

A

Extensive communication
myelinated axons in 3 fiber tracts: association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers

54
Q

association fibers

A

connect areas in same hemisphere
arcuate fiber: one gyrus to next
fasciculi: longer, lobe to lobe

55
Q

commissural fibers

A

connect between hemispheres
corpus collosum
anterior/posterior commissure

56
Q

projection fibers

A

all ascending/descending fibers pass to/from cerebral cortex to/from lower CNS via diencephalon

57
Q

basal nuclei (cerebral nuclei/basal ganglia)

A

islands of gray matter in white matter or cerebrum
regulate motor output

58
Q

how do basal nuclei regulate motor output?

A

subconscious control of sk. muscle between “start and stop)
coordination for learned movement patterns (walking)
increased activity if substantia nigra damaged (inability to start voluntary movement b/c opp. muscles don’t relax)

59
Q

hemispheric lateralization

A

right and left have diff. functions

60
Q

what does the left hemisphere control?

A

“school”
language: reading, writing, speaking
math
muscles on right
decision making/reasoning

61
Q

what does the right hemisphere control?

A

“creativity”
analyze/interpret sensory info
music/art
face recognition, 3D spatial + pattern orientation
emotional context of conversation
muscles on left

62
Q

sensory area location

A

temporal lobe
occipital lobe
parietal lobe
insula

63
Q

motor area location

A

posterior frontal lobe

64
Q

association area location/function

A

connected to sensory + motor areas
interpret/integrate sensory info
more complex functions (memory, emotion, reasoning)

65
Q

Primary motor cortex (pre-central gyrus)

A

pyramidal cells: upper motor neurons
allow precise, skilled, voluntary movement (cerebellum + basal nuclei)
motor homunculus: primary motor cortex controls muscles on opp side (where/how much motor innervation per area)

66
Q

Premotor cortex and association area

A

association area: connect adjacent neurons, process data/coordinate response, integrate sensory input w/ memories
premotor cortex (somatic motor association area): coordinate learned movement, memory for repetitive, pattern, skilled movements

67
Q

Broca’s area

A

speech center
left hemisphere
produce speech: send motor commands to premotor, primary motor cortex controls larynx/pharynx/mouth
lesion: aphasia (can make sounds but not words

68
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

post central gyrus (parietal lobe)
conscious awareness of sensation
gets info from skin receptors
only gets info filtered through thalamus
3rd order neurons in thalamus send it to where you sense it
pattern of action potential in different areas of cortex determines perception (light touch, rough touch)

69
Q

sensory homunculus

A

contains map of whole body
indicates amount of sensory info collected in a region
large regions for lips, fingers, and genital regions

70
Q

Sensory association areas

A

connected to primary somatosensory cortex
integrate sensory info coming from primary cortex via “association fibers”
produce perception of sensation from memory

71
Q

primary visual cortex

A

occipital lobe and visual association area
PVC receives visual info from retina
association area: uses past visual experiences to interpret, recognize, and evaluate what is seen

72
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe and auditory association area
sound energy excites inner hearing receptors
association area: interpret info (recognize speech, music)

73
Q

wernicke’s area

A

general interpretive area
left hemisphere
receives info from all sensory association areas
recognize, understand, comprehend spoken/written language
lesion: aphasia (can speak but doesn’t understand words/know what to say)

74
Q

prefrontal cortex of frontal lobe

A

personality center
control expression of emotion
interpret/predict situations/events/consequences
judgement, reasoning, planning, conscience
connected to other cortical areas

Anatomy And Physiology (19 decks)

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