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Pathophsyiology > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Or hives, consists of raised erythematous skin lesions (welts).
Are a result of type 1 hypersensitivity
This reaction is triggered by food (shellfish, nuts) or medicine ingestion.

It occurs when HISTAMINE release is initiated by these substances

A

Urticaria

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2
Q

Also called athletes foot, involves the feet, especially the toes

A

Tinea pedis

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3
Q

Is a result from a mite infestation
Female mites burrow into epidermis laying eggs over several weeks
When large hatch they migrate to skins surface in search of nutrients
Burrow appears as small light brown streaks on skin
Triggers inflammatory response that leads to intense erythema and pruiritis
The mites can only survive for only short periods without a host, so transmission usually results from close contact.

A

Scabies

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4
Q

Refers to lice infestations
The female lay eggs (nits)
The Nits appear as small white iridescent shells on the hair.
Easily transmitted through close contact

A

Pediculosis

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5
Q

Burns effect the epidermis and dermis
Cause pain, erythema, edema, and blistering
Deep partial thickness burns involve hair follicles and scarring is common

A

2nd degree burn partial thickness

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6
Q

Burns extend into deeper tissues (fat)
These burns cause white or blackened, charred skin that may be numb

A

Third degree full thickness

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7
Q

Is calculated for both partial and full thickness burns
It is typically estimated using the rule of nines for adults and the Lund browder chart for children

A

TBSA total body surface area

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8
Q

Scissors
Forceps
Manually excerise non viable tissue
Wet to moist or wet to dry fine mesh gauze dressing

A

Mechanical debribement

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9
Q

Use of proteoltyic enzymatic debriding agent
Digest necrotic tissue

A

Chemical debribement

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10
Q

Excision of full thickness and deep partial thickness burns
Followed by application of skin graft

A

Surgical debribement

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11
Q

Inflammation of the clear mucous membranes covering the eye

A

Conjunctivitis

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12
Q

Is the second leading cause of blindness

A

Glaucoma

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13
Q

This damage is often caused by increased intraocular pressure

A

Glaucoma

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14
Q

Clouding of the lens

A

Cataracts

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15
Q

Inflammation of the middle ear

A

Otitis media

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16
Q

Describes abnormal hearing noises in the ear, nosies that maybe described as a ringing, buzzing, humming whistling, roaring, or blowing

A

Tinnitus

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17
Q

Refers to a deterioration of the macular area of the retina that causes irreversible central vision loss.

A

Macular degeneration

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18
Q

Is caused by impaired blood supply to the macula, which results in cellular waste accumulation and ischemia

A

Macular degeneration

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19
Q

The most common form occurs when blood vessels under the macula become thin and brittle
Small yellow deposits form under the macula
These deposits grow in size and number, blurring vision, and creating a dim spot in central vision

A

Dry macular degeneration

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20
Q

Nerve loss can occur in conjunction with

A

Conductive hearing loss

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21
Q

Is a disorder of the inner ear that results from endolymph swelling.
This swelling stretches the membranes and interferes with the hair receptors in the cochlea and vestibule

A

Meniere disease

22
Q

Is a group of cells whose growth is no longer responding to normal regulatory processes, usually because of a mutation

A

Neoplasm or tumor

23
Q

The disease state associated with this uncontrolled growth is termed cancer

A

Neoplasm

24
Q

Decreased blood flow to tissue or organ, it damages the tissue or organ by limiting the supply of necessary nutrients and oxygen

A

Ischemia

25
Q

Tumors usually consist of undifferentiated (more Anaplasic), non functioning cells that are reproducing rapidly

A

Malignant

26
Q

Many cancers are preventable, so health promoting education _______ is vital to decrease the incidence and prevalence of all cancers

A

Smoking cessation
Proper nutrition
Weight management

27
Q

Because of their differation, are more like normal cells and cause fewer problems, cells are usually encapsulated and unable to metastasize

A

Benign tumors

28
Q

A foreign agent that triggers the production of antibodies by the immune system

A

Antigen

29
Q

Produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus. They include two major types that work to destroy antigens: regulator cells and effector cells

A

T cells

30
Q

Cells that mature in the bone marrow, where they differentiate into memory cells or immunoglobulin secreting antibodies cells.

Eliminate bacteria
Neutralize toxins
Prevent viral reinfections
And produce immediate inflammatory response

A

B cells

31
Q

Is a multi system, autoimmune disease characterized by production of antibodies to various components of the cell nucleus

A

SLE lupus

32
Q

Is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disorders that can effect any connective tissue

A

SLE lupus

33
Q

Clinical manifestations of SLE

A

Poly arthritis
Myalgia
Butterfly rash
Glomerulonephritis
Pleurisy
Carditis
Raynaud phenomenon
Psychoses
Depression mood changes seizures
Anemia leukopenia thrombocytopenia thrombosis
Lymphadenopathy Splenomegaly

34
Q

The aim of antiviral therapy is to reduce the ______ to a point that the body’s immune system can keep the virus in check

A

Viral load

35
Q

Are caused by pathogens that do not usually cause disease in healthy individuals (toxoplasmosis, kapoks sarcoma, candidiasis infections)

A

Opportunistic infections

36
Q

Approximately 1% of the body’s blood cells must be replaced daily. This process requires an adequate supply of

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

37
Q

Process of blood cell production

The tissue includes:

Red bone marrow
Marrow of skeletal system
Lymphatic tissue of the spleen
Lymph nodes
Thymus gland

ALL BLOOD CELLS ARE FORMED IN THE RED BONE MARROW

A

Hematopoiesis

38
Q

4.5 to 6 million per cubic feet of blood
Disk shape live only 120 days
Carry oxygen to all body cells with the aid of hemoglobin

A

Erythrocytes RBC

39
Q

5000 - 10,000 per cubic feet of blood
Colorless, generally round shape, circulating and live only a few hours
Leave the circulation by Diapedesis
Serve as a mechanism against bacteria, viruses, and foreign proteins

A

WBC

40
Q

Increased cell destruction
Rate of destruction exceeds the capacity of the red bone marrow to produce red blood cells
Normal RBC survival time is 120 days

Excessive destruction of erythrocytes that causes hemolytic anemia

A

Hemolysis

41
Q

Clinical manifestations of sickle cell anemia

A

Abdominal pain
Bone pain
Dyspnea
Delayed growth and development
Fatigue
Fever
Jaundice
Pallor
Tachycardia
Skin ulcers angina
Excessive thirst
Frequent urination

42
Q

The _______ encloses the heart to provide protection and support

A

Pericardium

43
Q

All cardiac muscle cells can initiate Impulses, but normally the conduction pathway originates in the

It automatically generates impulses ranging from 60 to 100 beats per min

A

SA node

44
Q

This pump inadequacy epitomizes the nursing diagnosis of decreased cardiac output, and it leads to decreased cardiac output increased preload, and increased afterload.

A

Heart failure

45
Q

Often referred to as congestive heart failure, is a condition in which the heart is unable to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the body’s metabolic needs

A

Heart failure

46
Q

Refers to the force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels

A

Blood pressure

47
Q

The ______ is the force that blood exerts on the arteries when it is ejected from the left ventricle

The ______ is the force of that blood exerts in the arteries when the ventricles relax

A

Systolic

Diastolic

48
Q

ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidney, which in turn increases blood volume and

A

Blood pressure

49
Q

In hypotensive states, this mechanism raises blood pressure and maintains the blood supply to the organs

A

Renin angiotensin aldosterone system

50
Q

Refers to ischemia that is initiated by increased demand (activity) and relieved with the reduction of that demand

A

Stable angina

51
Q

Chest pain eventually becomes unpredictable, occurs at rest, or increases in frequency and intensity. This change in pain which is known as ______ is considered a pre infarction state

A

Unstable angina

52
Q

This blockage which exemplifies the nursing diagnosis of ineffective tissue perfusion, may be caused by atherosclerosis, thrombus, or Vasospasm

A

Myocardial infarction

Pathophsyiology (15 decks)

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