Final Review Flashcards
Or hives, consists of raised erythematous skin lesions (welts).
Are a result of type 1 hypersensitivity
This reaction is triggered by food (shellfish, nuts) or medicine ingestion.
It occurs when HISTAMINE release is initiated by these substances
Urticaria
Also called athletes foot, involves the feet, especially the toes
Tinea pedis
Is a result from a mite infestation
Female mites burrow into epidermis laying eggs over several weeks
When large hatch they migrate to skins surface in search of nutrients
Burrow appears as small light brown streaks on skin
Triggers inflammatory response that leads to intense erythema and pruiritis
The mites can only survive for only short periods without a host, so transmission usually results from close contact.
Scabies
Refers to lice infestations
The female lay eggs (nits)
The Nits appear as small white iridescent shells on the hair.
Easily transmitted through close contact
Pediculosis
Burns effect the epidermis and dermis
Cause pain, erythema, edema, and blistering
Deep partial thickness burns involve hair follicles and scarring is common
2nd degree burn partial thickness
Burns extend into deeper tissues (fat)
These burns cause white or blackened, charred skin that may be numb
Third degree full thickness
Is calculated for both partial and full thickness burns
It is typically estimated using the rule of nines for adults and the Lund browder chart for children
TBSA total body surface area
Scissors
Forceps
Manually excerise non viable tissue
Wet to moist or wet to dry fine mesh gauze dressing
Mechanical debribement
Use of proteoltyic enzymatic debriding agent
Digest necrotic tissue
Chemical debribement
Excision of full thickness and deep partial thickness burns
Followed by application of skin graft
Surgical debribement
Inflammation of the clear mucous membranes covering the eye
Conjunctivitis
Is the second leading cause of blindness
Glaucoma
This damage is often caused by increased intraocular pressure
Glaucoma
Clouding of the lens
Cataracts
Inflammation of the middle ear
Otitis media
Describes abnormal hearing noises in the ear, nosies that maybe described as a ringing, buzzing, humming whistling, roaring, or blowing
Tinnitus
Refers to a deterioration of the macular area of the retina that causes irreversible central vision loss.
Macular degeneration
Is caused by impaired blood supply to the macula, which results in cellular waste accumulation and ischemia
Macular degeneration
The most common form occurs when blood vessels under the macula become thin and brittle
Small yellow deposits form under the macula
These deposits grow in size and number, blurring vision, and creating a dim spot in central vision
Dry macular degeneration
Nerve loss can occur in conjunction with
Conductive hearing loss
Is a disorder of the inner ear that results from endolymph swelling.
This swelling stretches the membranes and interferes with the hair receptors in the cochlea and vestibule
Meniere disease
Is a group of cells whose growth is no longer responding to normal regulatory processes, usually because of a mutation
Neoplasm or tumor
The disease state associated with this uncontrolled growth is termed cancer
Neoplasm
Decreased blood flow to tissue or organ, it damages the tissue or organ by limiting the supply of necessary nutrients and oxygen
Ischemia
Tumors usually consist of undifferentiated (more Anaplasic), non functioning cells that are reproducing rapidly
Malignant
Many cancers are preventable, so health promoting education _______ is vital to decrease the incidence and prevalence of all cancers
Smoking cessation
Proper nutrition
Weight management
Because of their differation, are more like normal cells and cause fewer problems, cells are usually encapsulated and unable to metastasize
Benign tumors
A foreign agent that triggers the production of antibodies by the immune system
Antigen
Produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus. They include two major types that work to destroy antigens: regulator cells and effector cells
T cells
Cells that mature in the bone marrow, where they differentiate into memory cells or immunoglobulin secreting antibodies cells.
Eliminate bacteria
Neutralize toxins
Prevent viral reinfections
And produce immediate inflammatory response
B cells
Is a multi system, autoimmune disease characterized by production of antibodies to various components of the cell nucleus
SLE lupus
Is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disorders that can effect any connective tissue
SLE lupus
Clinical manifestations of SLE
Poly arthritis
Myalgia
Butterfly rash
Glomerulonephritis
Pleurisy
Carditis
Raynaud phenomenon
Psychoses
Depression mood changes seizures
Anemia leukopenia thrombocytopenia thrombosis
Lymphadenopathy Splenomegaly
The aim of antiviral therapy is to reduce the ______ to a point that the body’s immune system can keep the virus in check
Viral load
Are caused by pathogens that do not usually cause disease in healthy individuals (toxoplasmosis, kapoks sarcoma, candidiasis infections)
Opportunistic infections
Approximately 1% of the body’s blood cells must be replaced daily. This process requires an adequate supply of
Hematopoietic stem cells
Process of blood cell production
The tissue includes:
Red bone marrow
Marrow of skeletal system
Lymphatic tissue of the spleen
Lymph nodes
Thymus gland
ALL BLOOD CELLS ARE FORMED IN THE RED BONE MARROW
Hematopoiesis
4.5 to 6 million per cubic feet of blood
Disk shape live only 120 days
Carry oxygen to all body cells with the aid of hemoglobin
Erythrocytes RBC
5000 - 10,000 per cubic feet of blood
Colorless, generally round shape, circulating and live only a few hours
Leave the circulation by Diapedesis
Serve as a mechanism against bacteria, viruses, and foreign proteins
WBC
Increased cell destruction
Rate of destruction exceeds the capacity of the red bone marrow to produce red blood cells
Normal RBC survival time is 120 days
Excessive destruction of erythrocytes that causes hemolytic anemia
Hemolysis
Clinical manifestations of sickle cell anemia
Abdominal pain
Bone pain
Dyspnea
Delayed growth and development
Fatigue
Fever
Jaundice
Pallor
Tachycardia
Skin ulcers angina
Excessive thirst
Frequent urination
The _______ encloses the heart to provide protection and support
Pericardium
All cardiac muscle cells can initiate Impulses, but normally the conduction pathway originates in the
It automatically generates impulses ranging from 60 to 100 beats per min
SA node
This pump inadequacy epitomizes the nursing diagnosis of decreased cardiac output, and it leads to decreased cardiac output increased preload, and increased afterload.
Heart failure
Often referred to as congestive heart failure, is a condition in which the heart is unable to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the body’s metabolic needs
Heart failure
Refers to the force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels
Blood pressure
The ______ is the force that blood exerts on the arteries when it is ejected from the left ventricle
The ______ is the force of that blood exerts in the arteries when the ventricles relax
Systolic
Diastolic
ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidney, which in turn increases blood volume and
Blood pressure
In hypotensive states, this mechanism raises blood pressure and maintains the blood supply to the organs
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system
Refers to ischemia that is initiated by increased demand (activity) and relieved with the reduction of that demand
Stable angina
Chest pain eventually becomes unpredictable, occurs at rest, or increases in frequency and intensity. This change in pain which is known as ______ is considered a pre infarction state
Unstable angina
This blockage which exemplifies the nursing diagnosis of ineffective tissue perfusion, may be caused by atherosclerosis, thrombus, or Vasospasm
Myocardial infarction
