Chapter 2 Immunity Flashcards
Any form of immunity that is not innate (present at birth) and is obtained during life as a result of the development of antibodies in response to an antigen
Acquired immunity
Is obtained by the development of antibodies resulting from an attack of infectious disease or by transmission of antibodies from the mother through the placenta to the fetus or to the infant through colostrum and breast milk.
Naturally acquired immunity
Is obtained by vaccination or by the injection of immune gamma gobulin.
Artificially acquired immunity
can be divided into cell mediated immunity (T cells) and humoral immunity B cells
Acquired immunity
The first stage of the general adaptation syndrome, it is characterized by the release ACTH by the pituitary gland and of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla, which cause increased blood glucose levels and a faster respiration rate, increasing the oxygen level of blood. These actions provide the body with increased energy for dealing with stress.
Alarm reaction
Denoting an individual or cell type that is from the same species but genetically distinct
In transplantation biology, denoting tissues, particularly stem cells, from either bone marrow or peripheral blood, that are from the same species but antigenically distinct, homologous
Allogenic
A protein produced by plasma cells that can identify and neutralize pathogens, also known as immunoglobulin
Antibody
A substance that the immune system recognizes as foreign and mounts an immune response against. The immune response may be either production of an antibody, a cell mediated response, or both.
Antigen
Pertaining to an immune response to one’s own tissues
Autoimmune
The transfer of tissue from one site to another on the same body
Autologous graft
A procedure in which blood is removed from a donor and stored for a variable period before it is returned to the donors circulation. It is indicated for the procedures in the likelihood of the need for a transfusion is high.
Autologous transfusion
A cell that is a major part of the body’s third line of defense.
Mature in bone marrow where they differentiate into memory cells or immunoglobulin cells
Eliminate bacteria, neutralize bacterial toxins, prevent viral infections, produce inflammatory response
Has receptor sites for a specific antigen, activates and multiples into either an antibody producing cell or memory cell
B Cell
A major classification of T lymphocytes, referring to those that carry the CD4 antigen; most are helper cells.
CD4 cells
HIV causes a drastic decrease in
CD4 T cells
A major classification of T lymphocytes, referring to those that carry the CD8 antigen; the major subtypes are the cytotoxic T lymphocytes and the suppressor cells.
CD8 cell
A state of extreme loss of physical or mental abilities caused by fatigue or illness. Multiple causes are possible, including mania.
Can be life threatening
Exhaustion
The defense of the body or the site to injury or prolonged stress, as described by Hans Selye. It consists of an initial stage of shock and alarm reaction, followed by a phase of increasing resistance or adaptation in which the various defense mechanisms of the body or mind are used, and culminates in a state of adjustment and healing or of exhaustion or disintegration
General adaption syndrome GAS
A rejection response of certain grafts, especially of bone marrow.
Graft versus host disease GVHD
It is commonly associated with inadequate immunosuppressive therapy of the donor, which allows immunocompetent cells in the donated tissue to recognize the recipients tissues as foreign and attack them.
Graft versus host disease GVHD
Characteristic signs of GVHD
Skin legions
Edema
Erythema
Ulceration
Scaling
Loss of hair
Lesions of the joints and the heart
Hemolytic anemia with a positive Coombs test
A T lymphocyte that promotes the immune response of other lymphocytes to foreign antigens by releasing soluble proteins called helper factors.
Helper T cells
Helper T cells have no _______?
Cytotoxic or phagocytic activity
The most common type of tissue rejection, in which the host fights the graft
Host versus graft disease
An abnormal condition characterized by an exaggerated response of the immune system to an antigen.
Increased sensitivity or awareness
Hypersensitivity
Pertaining to an abnormal condition of the immune system in which cellular or humoral immunity is inadequate and resistance to infection is decreased
Immunodeficient
A tissue reaction to injury or an antigen that may include pain, swelling, itching, redness, heat, and loss of function. The response may involve dilation of blood vessels and consequent leakage of fluid, causing edema, leukocytic exudation, and release of plasma proteases and vasoactive amines such as histamines.
Inflammatory response
Antigen stimulated T lymphocytes or cytotoxic T cells that attack foreign antigens directly and destroy cells that bear those antigens
Killer T cells
The localized response of a tissue, organ, or system that occurs as a reaction to stress.
Localized adaptation syndrome LAS
T and B lymphocytes that mediate immunological memory. They are believed to retain information that permits a subsequent antigenic challenge to be followed by a more rapid efficient immunological reaction than that seen with the first exposure.
Memory cells
An infection caused by normally non pathogenic organisms in a host whose resistance has been decreased by disorders such as diabetes mellitus, HIV, or cancer, a surgical procedure such as cerebrospinal fluid shunt or a cardiac or urinary catheterization or immunosuppressive drugs.
Opportunistic infection
A form of acquired immunity resulting from anti bodies that are transmitted naturally through the placenta to a fetus, through the colostrum and breast milk to an infant, or artificially by injection of antiserum for treatment or prophylaxis
Passive immunity
A cell that is a major part of the body’s third line of defense. It is produced in the marrow and matures in the thymus.
T cells
Two major types of T cells work to destroy antigens
Regulator and effector cells
Denoting individuals or cell types of different species and different genotypes.
Denoting tissues from different species that are therefore antigenically dissimilar
Xenogeneic
Tissue from another species used as a temporary graft in certain cases, as in treating severely burned patient when sufficient tissue from the patient or from a tissue bank is not available.
Xenograft
Historically pig heart valves have been used to replace defective heart valves in humans
Xenograft
A foreign agent that triggers the production of antibodies in the immune system.
Antigen
Where is a B cell produced and where does it mature ?
Bone marrow
What are the functions of B cells ?
Eliminate extra cellular bacteria
Neutralize bacterial toxins
Prevent viral infections
Produce inflammatory response
Where is the T cell produced and where does it mature ?
It is produced in the bone marrow and matures in the thymus
What is the main work of T cells ?
Protect body against intracellular viruses
Fungi
Parasite
Bacteria
What are the three innate immunity barriers that protect the human body from infection?
Physical
Chemical
Inflammatory response
Is an inflated or inappropriate response to an antigen, which results in inflammation and destruction of healthy tissue.
Hypersensitivity
2 examples of health conditions related to type 1 hypersensitivity
Asthma and anaphylaxis
Name one autoimmune disorder / disease
Type 1 diabetes
Are caused by pathogens that do not usually cause disease in healthy individuals
Opportunistic infections
The _______ is an indication of clinical progression, it represents the viral particles per milliliter of blood. The higher the number the higher the disease has progressed.
Viral load
The quality of being in susceptible to or unaffected by a particular disease or condition
Immunity
May be immediate, occurring within minutes to hours of reexposure , or delayed, occurring several hours after reexposure
Hypersensitivity
Type of disruptive shock that is a consequence of an allergic reaction.
Bronchospasms and laryngeal edema that can impair the patients respiratory status occur
Anaphylactic shock
A diminished or absent immune response that increases susceptibility to infections
Immunodeficiency
