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Pathophsyiology > Chapter 1 Celluar Function > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Celluar Function Flashcards

1
Q

In regard to a disease, a condition that is short term in nature, occurring and resolving quickly

A

Acute

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2
Q

(Of a disease or disorder) persisting for a long period, often for the remainder of the persons lifetime

A

Chronic

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3
Q

Identification of disease

A

Diagnosis

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4
Q

A condition of abnormal vital function involving any structure, part, or system of an organism.
A specific illness or disorder characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms attributable to hereditary, infection, diet or environment.

A

Disease

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5
Q

Increasing cases of a disease in a group

A

Epidemic

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6
Q

The study of all factors that may be involved in the development of a disease, including the susceptibility of the patient, the nature of the disease agent, and the way in the patients body is invaded by the agent. The cause of the disease

A

Etiology

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7
Q

Transmitted before birth

The transmission of characteristics from parents to child

A

Hereditary

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8
Q

The clinical effects or evidence of a disease. Manifestations may include both signs (what can be seen or measured) and symptoms (what the patient describes)

A

Manifestations

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9
Q

The disease rate within a group

A

Morbidity

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10
Q

The condition of being subject to death. The death rate, which reflects the number of deaths per unit of population in any specific region, age group, disease, or other classification, usually expressed as deaths per 1000, 10,000, or 100,000

A

Mortality

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11
Q

An epidemic that has spread to a larger population

A

Pandemic

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12
Q

The study of the biological and physical manifestations of disease as they correlate with the underlying abnormalities and physiological disturbances.

A

Pathophysiology

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13
Q

Does not deal directly with the treatment of disease. Rather, it explains the processes within the body that results in the signs and symptoms of a disease

A

Pathophysiology

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14
Q

Clinical manifestations that can be seen or measured

A

Signs

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15
Q

Subjective indications of a disease or a change in condition as perceived by the patient

A

Symptoms

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16
Q

Strategies used to manage or cure a disease

A

Treatment

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17
Q

Viscous liquid inside of the cell that contains water, nutrients, ions, dissolved gases, and waste products

A

Cytoplasm

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18
Q

Is the largest organelle surrounded by the nuclear envelope

A

Nucleus

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19
Q

Also called the plasma membrane, is the semipermeable boundary containing the cell and its components

It’s made of phospholipid bilayer with proteins throughout

A

Cell membrane

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20
Q

Responsible for energy production and cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

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21
Q

What four actions do cells have the ability to perform

A

Exchange materials with their immediate surroundings
Obtain energy from organic nutrients
Synthesize complex molecules
Replicate themselves

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22
Q

Is the movement of solutes that is, particles dissolved in a solvent from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

A

Diffusion

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23
Q

Contains the genetic information necessary for control of the cells structure, function, and replication

A

Nucleus

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24
Q

In the _______, histones bind DNA to form chromosomes, and DNA contains sections of genes that hold hereditary information.

A

Nucleus

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25
Q

Is the movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the assistance of a carrier protein

A

Facilitated diffusion

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26
Q

Insulin transports glucose into cells using this method

A

Facilitated diffusion

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27
Q

Is the passive movement of water or another solvent across the cellular membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

A

Osmosis

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28
Q

Helps regulate fluid balance in the body, for example, can be found in the functioning of our kidneys

A

Osmosis

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29
Q

Is the movement of a substance from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, against a concentration gradient.

A

Active transport

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30
Q

The sodium potassium pump is an example of

A

Active transport

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31
Q

Is the process of bringing a substance into a cell

The cell membrane surrounds the entering particles, engulfing them.

A

Endocytosis

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32
Q

Cells use _______ to consume and destroy bacteria and other foreign materials

A

Endocytosis

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33
Q

How do cells obtain energy ?

A

From glucose and triglycerides

34
Q

Describe what happens when food enters the gastrointestinal tract

A

The energy process begins when food enters the gastrointestinal tract, where it is broken down into sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids. These substances are broken down into larger molecules ( glucose, amino acids to proteins, fatty acids to triglycerides) stored until needed or metabolized to make ATP

35
Q

Is the four step process of the division of one cell resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells (diploid cells)

A

Mitosis

36
Q

The chromosomes condense, and the nuclear membrane disintegrates

A

Prophase

37
Q

The Spindle fibers attach to centromeres and the chromosomes align

A

Metaphase

38
Q

The chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles

A

Anaphase

39
Q

The chromosomes arrive at each pole, and new membranes are formed

A

Telophase

40
Q

Is a type of cell division that occurs in sperm and ova which contain 23 chromosomes each, and as they join, the resulting organism has 46 chromosomes.

A

Meiosis

41
Q

Occurs when cells become specialized in terms of cell type, function, structure, and cell cycle.

A

Differentiation

42
Q

Through this process, the primitive stem cells of the embryo (pluripotent) develop into more than 200 highly specialized cells found in the human body.

A

Differentiation

43
Q

Occurs because of decrease work demands on the cell.

A

Atrophy

44
Q

When a muscle shrinks in an extremity with a fracture that has been immobilized cast for an extended period of time

A

Atrophy

45
Q

Occurs when cells increase in size to attempt to meet increased work demands

A

Hypertrophy

46
Q

The heart muscle has increased in size due to increased blood pressure

A

Hypertrophy

47
Q

Refers to increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

A

Hyperplasia

48
Q

Examples of hyperplasia

A

Menstruation
Liver regeneration
Wound healing
Skin warts

49
Q

The process in which one adult cell is replaced by another cell type

A

Metaplasia

50
Q

Ciliary changes are noted in the airways and lungs of a chronic cigarette smoker or vitamin A deficiency

A

Metaplasia

51
Q

The reproductive and respiratory tracts are common sites for this type of adaptation because of their increased exposure to carcinogens

A

Dysplasia

52
Q

The two major types of neoplasms are

A

Benign

Malignant

53
Q

Tumors are similar to normal cells, grow relatively slowly, remain localized, may rarely have systemic effects, and may be life threatening only in certain anatomical locations in the body

A

Benign tumors

54
Q

Tumors vary in size and shape, consist of undifferentiated cells, grow rapidly, invade nearby tissues, commonly cause systemic effects, and are life threatening.

A

Malignant tumors

55
Q

The loss of differentiation that occurs with cancer

A

Anaplasia

56
Q

Near normal, differentiated condition of a cell or tumor, which causes fewer problems than an abnormal cell or tumor. Are usually encapsulated and are unable to metastasize

A

Benign

57
Q

A nucleotide in DNA molecules that join together to form RNA and DNA

Thread like structures in the nucleus of a cell, which contain all genetic code

A

Chromosome

58
Q

The cellular adaptation in which cells mutate into cells of a different size , shape, and appearance

A

Dysplasia

59
Q

A form of coagulative necrosis that is characterized by a combination of impaired blood flow and bacterial invasion

A

Gangrene

60
Q

Segments of DNA that serve as templates of protein synthesis

Segment of DNA which contains the genetic code for a single characteristic or trait

A

Gene

61
Q

The biological unit of inheritance, consisting of a particular nucleotide sequence within a DNA sequence that occupies a precise locus on a chromosome and codes for a specific polypeptide chain. In diploid organisms, which include humans and other mammals, _______ occur as paired alleles

A

Genes

62
Q

Characteristics of a normal cell

A

All essential structures for life and reproduction of the cell present
Selective permeability of cell membrane
Movement of material into and out of the cell by diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion and active transport
Specialized functions of cell in different organs or tissues of the body

63
Q

The science that studies heredity

A

Genetics

64
Q

Genetically transmitted or transmissible

A

Hereditary diseases

65
Q

Contains the genetic code for every process that each cell of the body needs for growth

A

DNA

66
Q

The _______ is the one which is expressed (shows up or is detectable in the individual)

A

Dominant gene

67
Q

Is masked or hidden if there is a dominant gene at the same locus
Is unexpressed. It is present and maybe passed on to future offspring
Not expressed if paired with dominant gene

A

Recessive gene

68
Q

If both genes are ______ and produce the same trait, the trait is expressed in the individual

A

Recessive

69
Q

The equal degree of dominance of two traits, fully expressed
Express a trait equally

A

Codominance Of genes

70
Q

Blood type AB, individual received type A gene from one parent and type B gene from the other parent

A

Codominance of genes

71
Q

XX=

XY=

A

Female

Male

72
Q

Conditions present at the time of birth
Includes both conditions that are inherited and those that are not

A

Congenital diseases

73
Q

Examples of congenital hereditary diseases

A

Down syndrome
Huntington disease
Sickle cell trait
Cystic fibrosis
Sickle cell disease

74
Q

The number, form, size, and arrangement within the nucleus of chromosomes of an individual

A

Karyotype

75
Q

The number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism

A

Karyotype

76
Q

Most cases are known as trisomy 21, in which the individual has 3 chromosomes in position 21 of the Karyotype

Most common genetic cause of intellectual disability
Affects almost every organ system and can cause cognitive and physical impairments

A

Down syndrome

77
Q

Progressive, incurable, inherited neurodegenerative disease
Involuntary jerking movements, cognitive abnormalities, psychiatric behavioral changes
Onset typically at ages 30-40 death occurs 15 -20 years after symptom onset

A

Huntington disease

78
Q

Neuronal cell death occurs in the brain
Cell death in peripheral tissues, particulate skeletal muscle
Affects neurotransmitters decrease in acetylcholine, GABA, and dopamine

A

Huntington disease Pathophysiology

79
Q

Huntington disease behavior changes

A

Anger irritability Depression
Recklessness aggression
Anxiety apathy mania hypomania paranoia OCD suicidal
Psychosis
Impulsive
Inappropriate behavior
Impaired judgement
Substance abuse

80
Q

Huntington disease physical changes

A

Abnormal gait
Imbalance
Involuntary facial movements
Involuntary writhing
Dysphasia
Drooling
Garbled speech
Loss of coordinate movement

81
Q

Individuals who inherit hemoglobin S gene from one parent and a normal hemoglobin gene from the other parent will have the

A

Sickle cell trait

82
Q

Individuals who inherit the hemoglobin S gene, one from each parent, will have

A

Sickle cell anemia

Pathophsyiology (15 decks)

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