Chapter 1 Celluar Function Flashcards
In regard to a disease, a condition that is short term in nature, occurring and resolving quickly
Acute
(Of a disease or disorder) persisting for a long period, often for the remainder of the persons lifetime
Chronic
Identification of disease
Diagnosis
A condition of abnormal vital function involving any structure, part, or system of an organism.
A specific illness or disorder characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms attributable to hereditary, infection, diet or environment.
Disease
Increasing cases of a disease in a group
Epidemic
The study of all factors that may be involved in the development of a disease, including the susceptibility of the patient, the nature of the disease agent, and the way in the patients body is invaded by the agent. The cause of the disease
Etiology
Transmitted before birth
The transmission of characteristics from parents to child
Hereditary
The clinical effects or evidence of a disease. Manifestations may include both signs (what can be seen or measured) and symptoms (what the patient describes)
Manifestations
The disease rate within a group
Morbidity
The condition of being subject to death. The death rate, which reflects the number of deaths per unit of population in any specific region, age group, disease, or other classification, usually expressed as deaths per 1000, 10,000, or 100,000
Mortality
An epidemic that has spread to a larger population
Pandemic
The study of the biological and physical manifestations of disease as they correlate with the underlying abnormalities and physiological disturbances.
Pathophysiology
Does not deal directly with the treatment of disease. Rather, it explains the processes within the body that results in the signs and symptoms of a disease
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations that can be seen or measured
Signs
Subjective indications of a disease or a change in condition as perceived by the patient
Symptoms
Strategies used to manage or cure a disease
Treatment
Viscous liquid inside of the cell that contains water, nutrients, ions, dissolved gases, and waste products
Cytoplasm
Is the largest organelle surrounded by the nuclear envelope
Nucleus
Also called the plasma membrane, is the semipermeable boundary containing the cell and its components
It’s made of phospholipid bilayer with proteins throughout
Cell membrane
Responsible for energy production and cellular respiration
Mitochondria
What four actions do cells have the ability to perform
Exchange materials with their immediate surroundings
Obtain energy from organic nutrients
Synthesize complex molecules
Replicate themselves
Is the movement of solutes that is, particles dissolved in a solvent from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
Contains the genetic information necessary for control of the cells structure, function, and replication
Nucleus
In the _______, histones bind DNA to form chromosomes, and DNA contains sections of genes that hold hereditary information.
Nucleus
Is the movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the assistance of a carrier protein
Facilitated diffusion
Insulin transports glucose into cells using this method
Facilitated diffusion
Is the passive movement of water or another solvent across the cellular membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
Osmosis
Helps regulate fluid balance in the body, for example, can be found in the functioning of our kidneys
Osmosis
Is the movement of a substance from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, against a concentration gradient.
Active transport
The sodium potassium pump is an example of
Active transport
Is the process of bringing a substance into a cell
The cell membrane surrounds the entering particles, engulfing them.
Endocytosis
Cells use _______ to consume and destroy bacteria and other foreign materials
Endocytosis
How do cells obtain energy ?
From glucose and triglycerides
Describe what happens when food enters the gastrointestinal tract
The energy process begins when food enters the gastrointestinal tract, where it is broken down into sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids. These substances are broken down into larger molecules ( glucose, amino acids to proteins, fatty acids to triglycerides) stored until needed or metabolized to make ATP
Is the four step process of the division of one cell resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells (diploid cells)
Mitosis
The chromosomes condense, and the nuclear membrane disintegrates
Prophase
The Spindle fibers attach to centromeres and the chromosomes align
Metaphase
The chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles
Anaphase
The chromosomes arrive at each pole, and new membranes are formed
Telophase
Is a type of cell division that occurs in sperm and ova which contain 23 chromosomes each, and as they join, the resulting organism has 46 chromosomes.
Meiosis
Occurs when cells become specialized in terms of cell type, function, structure, and cell cycle.
Differentiation
Through this process, the primitive stem cells of the embryo (pluripotent) develop into more than 200 highly specialized cells found in the human body.
Differentiation
Occurs because of decrease work demands on the cell.
Atrophy
When a muscle shrinks in an extremity with a fracture that has been immobilized cast for an extended period of time
Atrophy
Occurs when cells increase in size to attempt to meet increased work demands
Hypertrophy
The heart muscle has increased in size due to increased blood pressure
Hypertrophy
Refers to increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
Hyperplasia
Examples of hyperplasia
Menstruation
Liver regeneration
Wound healing
Skin warts
The process in which one adult cell is replaced by another cell type
Metaplasia
Ciliary changes are noted in the airways and lungs of a chronic cigarette smoker or vitamin A deficiency
Metaplasia
The reproductive and respiratory tracts are common sites for this type of adaptation because of their increased exposure to carcinogens
Dysplasia
The two major types of neoplasms are
Benign
Malignant
Tumors are similar to normal cells, grow relatively slowly, remain localized, may rarely have systemic effects, and may be life threatening only in certain anatomical locations in the body
Benign tumors
Tumors vary in size and shape, consist of undifferentiated cells, grow rapidly, invade nearby tissues, commonly cause systemic effects, and are life threatening.
Malignant tumors
The loss of differentiation that occurs with cancer
Anaplasia
Near normal, differentiated condition of a cell or tumor, which causes fewer problems than an abnormal cell or tumor. Are usually encapsulated and are unable to metastasize
Benign
A nucleotide in DNA molecules that join together to form RNA and DNA
Thread like structures in the nucleus of a cell, which contain all genetic code
Chromosome
The cellular adaptation in which cells mutate into cells of a different size , shape, and appearance
Dysplasia
A form of coagulative necrosis that is characterized by a combination of impaired blood flow and bacterial invasion
Gangrene
Segments of DNA that serve as templates of protein synthesis
Segment of DNA which contains the genetic code for a single characteristic or trait
Gene
The biological unit of inheritance, consisting of a particular nucleotide sequence within a DNA sequence that occupies a precise locus on a chromosome and codes for a specific polypeptide chain. In diploid organisms, which include humans and other mammals, _______ occur as paired alleles
Genes
Characteristics of a normal cell
All essential structures for life and reproduction of the cell present
Selective permeability of cell membrane
Movement of material into and out of the cell by diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion and active transport
Specialized functions of cell in different organs or tissues of the body
The science that studies heredity
Genetics
Genetically transmitted or transmissible
Hereditary diseases
Contains the genetic code for every process that each cell of the body needs for growth
DNA
The _______ is the one which is expressed (shows up or is detectable in the individual)
Dominant gene
Is masked or hidden if there is a dominant gene at the same locus
Is unexpressed. It is present and maybe passed on to future offspring
Not expressed if paired with dominant gene
Recessive gene
If both genes are ______ and produce the same trait, the trait is expressed in the individual
Recessive
The equal degree of dominance of two traits, fully expressed
Express a trait equally
Codominance Of genes
Blood type AB, individual received type A gene from one parent and type B gene from the other parent
Codominance of genes
XX=
XY=
Female
Male
Conditions present at the time of birth
Includes both conditions that are inherited and those that are not
Congenital diseases
Examples of congenital hereditary diseases
Down syndrome
Huntington disease
Sickle cell trait
Cystic fibrosis
Sickle cell disease
The number, form, size, and arrangement within the nucleus of chromosomes of an individual
Karyotype
The number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism
Karyotype
Most cases are known as trisomy 21, in which the individual has 3 chromosomes in position 21 of the Karyotype
Most common genetic cause of intellectual disability
Affects almost every organ system and can cause cognitive and physical impairments
Down syndrome
Progressive, incurable, inherited neurodegenerative disease
Involuntary jerking movements, cognitive abnormalities, psychiatric behavioral changes
Onset typically at ages 30-40 death occurs 15 -20 years after symptom onset
Huntington disease
Neuronal cell death occurs in the brain
Cell death in peripheral tissues, particulate skeletal muscle
Affects neurotransmitters decrease in acetylcholine, GABA, and dopamine
Huntington disease Pathophysiology
Huntington disease behavior changes
Anger irritability Depression
Recklessness aggression
Anxiety apathy mania hypomania paranoia OCD suicidal
Psychosis
Impulsive
Inappropriate behavior
Impaired judgement
Substance abuse
Huntington disease physical changes
Abnormal gait
Imbalance
Involuntary facial movements
Involuntary writhing
Dysphasia
Drooling
Garbled speech
Loss of coordinate movement
Individuals who inherit hemoglobin S gene from one parent and a normal hemoglobin gene from the other parent will have the
Sickle cell trait
Individuals who inherit the hemoglobin S gene, one from each parent, will have
Sickle cell anemia
