Chapter 6

Question 1

Fluid between the cells

Answer 1

Interstitial fluid

Question 2

Is referred to by several other names, some of which reflect the compartment affected.

Answer 2

Fluid excess

Question 3

Excess fluid in the interstitial space is generally referred to as ?

Answer 3

Edema

Question 4

Excess fluid in the intravascular compartment is frequently referred to as

Answer 4

Hypovolemia or fluid volume excess

Question 5

Fluid excess can also occur in the intracellular space, a condition known as

Answer 5

Water intoxication

Question 6

An inability to concentrate urine, leading to excessive water losses.

Also, and as a result of insufficient ADH levels.

Answer 6

Diabetes insipidus

Question 7

Excessive anti diuretic hormone which increases fluid retention

Can be the cause of fluid excess

Answer 7

SIADH

Question 8

Excessive corticosteroids, which contain high levels of sodium

Answer 8

Cushing syndrome

Question 9

Kidneys unable to eliminate excess fluid and waste products

Answer 9

Renal failure

Question 10

Liver deficient in synthesizing proteins which circulate in the blood, and which keep appropriate levels of fluids in the intravascular space

Answer 10

Liver failure

Question 11

Heart unable to pump blood effectively to the kidneys

Answer 11

Heart failure

Question 12

Disease of the pituitary gland which cannot excrete sufficient ADH, and which causes excessive urination

Answer 12

Diabetes insipidus

Question 13

Results from high serum sodium levels (greater than 145 meq/L)

Answer 13

Hypernatremia

Question 14

Usually results from ingesting excessive sodium without consuming a proportionate amount of water or thorough water losses that exceed the amount of sodium being lost

Answer 14

Hypernatremia

Question 15

Results from low serum sodium levels less than 135 meq/L

Answer 15

Hyponatremia

Question 16

Causes of hypernatremia

Answer 16

Cushing syndrome
Diabetes insipidus

Question 17

Results from excessive sodium losses or increased water gains

Answer 17

Hyponatremia

Question 18

Excessive water, including that caused by, pg 229
Hyponatremia

Answer 18

Syndrome of inappropriate antiduretic hormone
Renal failure
Heart failure
Excessive water ingestion
Hyperglycemia

Question 19

Deficient sodium, including that caused by the following Hyponatremia

Answer 19

Diuretic use
Gastrointestinal losses
Excessive sweating
Addison’s disease
Dietary sodium restrictions

Question 20

Refers to serum potassium levels greater than 5 meq/L

Answer 20

Hyperkalemia

Question 21

Respiratory alkalosis Generally occurs because of conditions that cause

Answer 21

Hyperventilation

Question 22

Occurs when total body fluid levels are insufficient to meet the body needs

Answer 22

Dehydration

Question 23

Fluid deficit of the intravascular compartment is often referred to as

Answer 23

Fluid volume deficit or hypovolemia

Question 24

Occurs when ionized calcium levels fall below 4 meq/L. This condition is a result of increased losses or decreased intake of calcium

Answer 24

Hypocalcemia

Question 25

To test for the ________, arterial blood flow is occluded by using an inflated blood pressure cuff.The cuff is placed on the upper arm and inflated above the individuals usual systolic pressure measurement. The inflated cuff is left in place for approximately three minutes. The test is considered positive for increase neuromuscular irritability if it elicits a carpal spasm flexed wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints, extended inter-phalangeal joints, and adducted thumb.

Answer 25

Trosseau sign

Question 26

The healthcare practitioner taps the patient’s facial nerve in the front of the year. A spasm or brief contraction of the corner of the mouth, nose, eyes, and muscles in the cheek is considered a positive sign indicates increased neuromuscular irritability

Answer 26

Chvostek sign

Question 27

Significant fluid increases in the transcellular compartment are often referred to as

Answer 27

Third spacing

Question 28

In this condition, hydrostatic and osmotic forces favor the movement of fluid from the intravascular compartment to the interstitial space; that is, hydrostatic forces are greater than osmotic forces.

Answer 28

Edema

Question 29

Edema may also be localized to one area, such as feet, or generalized throughout the body.

Answer 29

Anasarca

Question 30

Individuals who are obese, are susceptible to fluid imbalances, especially

Answer 30

Dehydration

Question 31

Approximately 80% of ECF is found in the ?

Answer 31

Interstitial fluid

Question 32

Causes of inadequate sodium or water retention

Answer 32

SIADH
Renal failure
Liver failure
Cushing syndrome
Hyperaldosteronism