Chapter 6 Flashcards
Fluid between the cells
Interstitial fluid
Is referred to by several other names, some of which reflect the compartment affected.
Fluid excess
Excess fluid in the interstitial space is generally referred to as ?
Edema
Excess fluid in the intravascular compartment is frequently referred to as
Hypovolemia or fluid volume excess
Fluid excess can also occur in the intracellular space, a condition known as
Water intoxication
An inability to concentrate urine, leading to excessive water losses.
Also, and as a result of insufficient ADH levels.
Diabetes insipidus
Excessive anti diuretic hormone which increases fluid retention
Can be the cause of fluid excess
SIADH
Excessive corticosteroids, which contain high levels of sodium
Cushing syndrome
Kidneys unable to eliminate excess fluid and waste products
Renal failure
Liver deficient in synthesizing proteins which circulate in the blood, and which keep appropriate levels of fluids in the intravascular space
Liver failure
Heart unable to pump blood effectively to the kidneys
Heart failure
Disease of the pituitary gland which cannot excrete sufficient ADH, and which causes excessive urination
Diabetes insipidus
Results from high serum sodium levels (greater than 145 meq/L)
Hypernatremia
Usually results from ingesting excessive sodium without consuming a proportionate amount of water or thorough water losses that exceed the amount of sodium being lost
Hypernatremia
Results from low serum sodium levels less than 135 meq/L
Hyponatremia
Causes of hypernatremia
Cushing syndrome
Diabetes insipidus
Results from excessive sodium losses or increased water gains
Hyponatremia
Excessive water, including that caused by, pg 229
Hyponatremia
Syndrome of inappropriate antiduretic hormone
Renal failure
Heart failure
Excessive water ingestion
Hyperglycemia
Deficient sodium, including that caused by the following Hyponatremia
Diuretic use
Gastrointestinal losses
Excessive sweating
Addison’s disease
Dietary sodium restrictions
Refers to serum potassium levels greater than 5 meq/L
Hyperkalemia
Respiratory alkalosis Generally occurs because of conditions that cause
Hyperventilation
Occurs when total body fluid levels are insufficient to meet the body needs
Dehydration
Fluid deficit of the intravascular compartment is often referred to as
Fluid volume deficit or hypovolemia
Occurs when ionized calcium levels fall below 4 meq/L. This condition is a result of increased losses or decreased intake of calcium
Hypocalcemia
To test for the ________, arterial blood flow is occluded by using an inflated blood pressure cuff.The cuff is placed on the upper arm and inflated above the individuals usual systolic pressure measurement. The inflated cuff is left in place for approximately three minutes. The test is considered positive for increase neuromuscular irritability if it elicits a carpal spasm flexed wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints, extended inter-phalangeal joints, and adducted thumb.
Trosseau sign
The healthcare practitioner taps the patient’s facial nerve in the front of the year. A spasm or brief contraction of the corner of the mouth, nose, eyes, and muscles in the cheek is considered a positive sign indicates increased neuromuscular irritability
Chvostek sign
Significant fluid increases in the transcellular compartment are often referred to as
Third spacing
In this condition, hydrostatic and osmotic forces favor the movement of fluid from the intravascular compartment to the interstitial space; that is, hydrostatic forces are greater than osmotic forces.
Edema
Edema may also be localized to one area, such as feet, or generalized throughout the body.
Anasarca
Individuals who are obese, are susceptible to fluid imbalances, especially
Dehydration
Approximately 80% of ECF is found in the ?
Interstitial fluid
Causes of inadequate sodium or water retention
SIADH
Renal failure
Liver failure
Cushing syndrome
Hyperaldosteronism
