Chapter 10 Endocrine Function

Question 1

Deficient levels of GH, somatotropin, somatotropin releasing hormone cause _______ which results in short stature

Answer 1

Dwarfism

Question 2

Refers to excessive fluid excretion in the kidneys caused by deficient ADH levels

Answer 2

Diabetes insipidus

Question 3

Hypopituitarism can cause a decrease in GH which then leads to

Answer 3

Dwarfism

Question 4

Refers to tall stature caused by excessive GH levels prior to puberty

Answer 4

Gigantism

Question 5

Describes increased bone size caused by excessive GH levels in adulthood

Answer 5

Acromegaly

Question 6

Refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland
Usually evident as pronounced swelling of the neck

Answer 6

Goiter

Question 7

Can occur in hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and normal thyroid states

Answer 7

Goiter

Question 8

Iron deficiency is the most common cause of __________ worldwide

Answer 8

Goiters

Question 9

Treatment strategies for gigantism and acromegaly

Answer 9

Tumors will likely require surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy

Question 10

Treatment strategies for dwarfism

Answer 10

Lifelong hormone replacement therapy

Question 11

Increases the reabsorption of calcium from bones to blood; raises blood calcium
Increases reabsorption of calcium and excretion of phosphate by the kidneys
Increases reabsorption of by the small intestine
Blood calcium levels are critical, because calcium is essential for muscle contraction including the heart muscle.

Answer 11

Parathyroid hormone/ parathyroid gland function

Question 12

ADH deflect disease
Profound diuresis occurs, person may excrete up to 25 liters of urine per day
Emergency replacement of fluids necessary or extreme dehydration will result
Hormone replacement therapy in most cases

Answer 12

Diabetes insipidus

Question 13

Early detection of dehydration
Maintain adequate hydration
Accurately measuring I & O
Check urine specific gravity
Daily weights
Provide Po fluids in amount equal to urine output
If IV fluids, monitor hourly

Answer 13

Nursing interventions for diabetes insipidus

Question 14

Treatment may include total or subtotal thyroidectomy; administration of anti thyroid drugs or radioactive iodine; or use if thyroid hormone to block release of TSH
Thyroid hormone replacement for life

Answer 14

Treatment strategies for a Goiter

Question 15

Hyposecretion of thyroxine T4 in an adult
Decreased metabolic rate results in physical and mental lethargy
Most severe form of hypothyroidism
Characterized by swelling of hands, face including preorbital tissues, and feet
If untreated may lead to coma and death

Answer 15

Myxedema

Question 16

Refers to a group of conditions characterized by hyperglycemia, resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.

Answer 16

Diabetes mellitus

Question 17

May be a result of excessive dietary carbohydrate intake as well as insufficient insulin. If the cells are starved for energy, the body may begin to break down fat producing toxic acids

Answer 17

Hyperglycemia

Question 18

May result from insufficient dietary intake, increased physical activity, and excessive diabetic pharmacological activity

Answer 18

Hypoglycemia

Question 19

Develops when the body’s immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells

Answer 19

Type 1 diabetes

Question 20

Viruses that have been linked to ______ include coxsackievirus, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus, and retroviruses

Answer 20

Type 1 diabetes

Question 21

Cannot be prevented and people with this disease must obtain insulin delivered by injection or a pump to survive

Answer 21

Type 1 diabetes

Question 22

This form of DM usually begins as insulin resistance

Answer 22

Type 2 diabetes

Question 23

Is a group of clinical abnormalities caused by chronic high levels of glucocorticoids, usually cortisol.

Answer 23

Cushing syndrome

Question 24

The most common cause is iatrogenic, resulting from ingestion of glucocorticoid medications, which mimic the body’s own hormones.

Answer 24

Cushing syndrome

Question 25

Clinical manifestations of Cushing syndrome

Answer 25

Round face Obesity Buffalo hump

Question 26

Treatment for Cushing syndrome

Answer 26

Tapering off of glucocorticoid meds Tumors will require surgery removal and radiation High protein diets to counteract the catabolic effects of glucocorticoid

Question 27

Refers to a deficiency of adrenal cortex hormones, glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids, androgens usually as result of an insidious, progressive hypo functioning of the adrenal cortex.

Answer 27

Addison’s disease

Question 28

Decreased production of cortisol, glucocorticoid and aldosterone, mineralcortioids due to the following conditions Inadequate secretion of ACTH by pituitary Dysfunction of hypothalamus Dysfunction of adrenal gland tissue

Answer 28

Addison’s disease

Question 29

Tuberculosis, metatastic cancer, fungal lesions, aids, hemorrhage, gram negative sepsis, adrenalectomy, radiation therapy, drugs, toxins, meningitis, tumors It can be caused by damage resulting from autoimmune conditions (the most common cause)

Answer 29

Causes of Addison’s disease

Question 30

Treatment of this disease requires lifelong hormonal therapy, hydrocortisone or prednisone can be used to replace glucocorticoids and fludrocortisone can be used to replace mineral corticoids

Answer 30

Treatment for Addison’s disease

Question 31

May result from pituitary dysfunction that results in insufficient ACTH levels

Answer 31

Addison’s disease

Question 32

Results from increased pituitary production of ACTH, typically as a result of pituitary adenoma

Answer 32

Cushing syndrome

Question 33

Can be treated with radioactive iodine therapy

Answer 33

Goiters

Question 34

Hypothyroidism Is easily managed with thyroid replacement

Answer 34

Levothyroxine (Myxedema)

Question 35

Clinical manifestions of ______ marked hypertension Respiratory depression Extreme hypothermia Areflexia Seizures Lethargy COMA

Answer 35

Myxedema COMA

Question 36

As a result diabetic retinopathy, is the leading cause of

Answer 36

Blindness

Question 37

Is an organ with both exocrine and endocrine cells 90% of its cells focus on digestive functions Contains islets of langerhans

Answer 37

Pancreas

Question 38

Islet of langehans are an endocrine function and they contain Alpha cells = Beta cells = Delta cells = Pancreatic polypeptide cells = Episolin cells =

Answer 38

Glucagon Insulin Somatosatin Pancreatic peptide Ghrelin

Question 39

Is released when serum glucose levels fall Is released when serum glucose levels increase

Answer 39

Glucagon Insulin

Question 40

Usually four in number are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid. Each parathyroid gland secrete parathyroid hormone. PTH is secreted when calcium levels drop

Answer 40

Parathyroid function

Question 41

Located in each kidney Has an inner potion and outer portion called the ______ and _______ Hypothalamus releases CRH to stimulate the pituitary gland to release _______

Answer 41

Adrenal glands Medulla and cortex ACTH

Question 42

The medulla is regulated by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus and produce ______ in times of stress the flight or flight response of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 42

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 43

The cortex has three separate regions that produce different steroids The outermost region secretes __________ The middle region of the adrenal cortex secretes ________ The innermost region of the cortex secretes _____ or sex hormones

Answer 43

Outermost region Mineralocorticoids = aldosterone The middle region secretes glucocorticoids = cortisol The inner most region secretes gonadscorticoids

Question 44

Acetylcholine Dopamine Norepinephrine Serotonin Glutamate GABA Endogenous opioids

Answer 44

Neurotransmitters