Chapter 10 Endocrine Function Flashcards
Deficient levels of GH, somatotropin, somatotropin releasing hormone cause _______ which results in short stature
Dwarfism
Refers to excessive fluid excretion in the kidneys caused by deficient ADH levels
Diabetes insipidus
Hypopituitarism can cause a decrease in GH which then leads to
Dwarfism
Refers to tall stature caused by excessive GH levels prior to puberty
Gigantism
Describes increased bone size caused by excessive GH levels in adulthood
Acromegaly
Refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland
Usually evident as pronounced swelling of the neck
Goiter
Can occur in hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and normal thyroid states
Goiter
Iron deficiency is the most common cause of __________ worldwide
Goiters
Treatment strategies for gigantism and acromegaly
Tumors will likely require surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy
Treatment strategies for dwarfism
Lifelong hormone replacement therapy
Increases the reabsorption of calcium from bones to blood; raises blood calcium
Increases reabsorption of calcium and excretion of phosphate by the kidneys
Increases reabsorption of by the small intestine
Blood calcium levels are critical, because calcium is essential for muscle contraction including the heart muscle.
Parathyroid hormone/ parathyroid gland function
ADH deflect disease
Profound diuresis occurs, person may excrete up to 25 liters of urine per day
Emergency replacement of fluids necessary or extreme dehydration will result
Hormone replacement therapy in most cases
Diabetes insipidus
Early detection of dehydration
Maintain adequate hydration
Accurately measuring I & O
Check urine specific gravity
Daily weights
Provide Po fluids in amount equal to urine output
If IV fluids, monitor hourly
Nursing interventions for diabetes insipidus
Treatment may include total or subtotal thyroidectomy; administration of anti thyroid drugs or radioactive iodine; or use if thyroid hormone to block release of TSH
Thyroid hormone replacement for life
Treatment strategies for a Goiter
Hyposecretion of thyroxine T4 in an adult
Decreased metabolic rate results in physical and mental lethargy
Most severe form of hypothyroidism
Characterized by swelling of hands, face including preorbital tissues, and feet
If untreated may lead to coma and death
Myxedema
Refers to a group of conditions characterized by hyperglycemia, resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
Diabetes mellitus
May be a result of excessive dietary carbohydrate intake as well as insufficient insulin. If the cells are starved for energy, the body may begin to break down fat producing toxic acids
Hyperglycemia
May result from insufficient dietary intake, increased physical activity, and excessive diabetic pharmacological activity
Hypoglycemia
Develops when the body’s immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells
Type 1 diabetes
Viruses that have been linked to ______ include coxsackievirus, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus, and retroviruses
Type 1 diabetes
Cannot be prevented and people with this disease must obtain insulin delivered by injection or a pump to survive
Type 1 diabetes
This form of DM usually begins as insulin resistance
Type 2 diabetes
Is a group of clinical abnormalities caused by chronic high levels of glucocorticoids, usually cortisol.
Cushing syndrome
The most common cause is iatrogenic, resulting from ingestion of glucocorticoid medications, which mimic the body’s own hormones.
Cushing syndrome
Clinical manifestations of Cushing syndrome
Round face
Obesity
Buffalo hump
Treatment for Cushing syndrome
Tapering off of glucocorticoid meds
Tumors will require surgery removal and radiation
High protein diets to counteract the catabolic effects of glucocorticoid
Refers to a deficiency of adrenal cortex hormones, glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids, androgens usually as result of an insidious, progressive hypo functioning of the adrenal cortex.
Addison’s disease
Decreased production of cortisol, glucocorticoid and aldosterone, mineralcortioids due to the following conditions
Inadequate secretion of ACTH by pituitary
Dysfunction of hypothalamus
Dysfunction of adrenal gland tissue
Addison’s disease
Tuberculosis, metatastic cancer, fungal lesions, aids, hemorrhage, gram negative sepsis, adrenalectomy, radiation therapy, drugs, toxins, meningitis, tumors
It can be caused by damage resulting from autoimmune conditions (the most common cause)
Causes of Addison’s disease
Treatment of this disease requires lifelong hormonal therapy, hydrocortisone or prednisone can be used to replace glucocorticoids and fludrocortisone can be used to replace mineral corticoids
Treatment for Addison’s disease
May result from pituitary dysfunction that results in insufficient ACTH levels
Addison’s disease
Results from increased pituitary production of ACTH, typically as a result of pituitary adenoma
Cushing syndrome
Can be treated with radioactive iodine therapy
Goiters
Hypothyroidism Is easily managed with thyroid replacement
Levothyroxine (Myxedema)
Clinical manifestions of ______
marked hypertension
Respiratory depression
Extreme hypothermia
Areflexia
Seizures
Lethargy
COMA
Myxedema COMA
As a result diabetic retinopathy, is the leading cause of
Blindness
Is an organ with both exocrine and endocrine cells
90% of its cells focus on digestive functions
Contains islets of langerhans
Pancreas
Islet of langehans are an endocrine function and they contain
Alpha cells =
Beta cells =
Delta cells =
Pancreatic polypeptide cells =
Episolin cells =
Glucagon
Insulin
Somatosatin
Pancreatic peptide
Ghrelin
Is released when serum glucose levels fall
Is released when serum glucose levels increase
Glucagon
Insulin
Usually four in number are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid. Each parathyroid gland secrete parathyroid hormone. PTH is secreted when calcium levels drop
Parathyroid function
Located in each kidney
Has an inner potion and outer portion called the ______ and _______
Hypothalamus releases CRH to stimulate the pituitary gland to release _______
Adrenal glands
Medulla and cortex
ACTH
The medulla is regulated by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus and produce ______ in times of stress the flight or flight response of the sympathetic nervous system
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
The cortex has three separate regions that produce different steroids
The outermost region secretes __________
The middle region of the adrenal cortex secretes ________
The innermost region of the cortex secretes _____ or sex hormones
Outermost region Mineralocorticoids = aldosterone
The middle region secretes glucocorticoids = cortisol
The inner most region secretes gonadscorticoids
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Glutamate
GABA
Endogenous opioids
Neurotransmitters
