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Pathophsyiology > Chapter 10 Endocrine Function > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Endocrine Function Flashcards

1
Q

Deficient levels of GH, somatotropin, somatotropin releasing hormone cause _______ which results in short stature

A

Dwarfism

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2
Q

Refers to excessive fluid excretion in the kidneys caused by deficient ADH levels

A

Diabetes insipidus

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3
Q

Hypopituitarism can cause a decrease in GH which then leads to

A

Dwarfism

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4
Q

Refers to tall stature caused by excessive GH levels prior to puberty

A

Gigantism

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5
Q

Describes increased bone size caused by excessive GH levels in adulthood

A

Acromegaly

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6
Q

Refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland
Usually evident as pronounced swelling of the neck

A

Goiter

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7
Q

Can occur in hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and normal thyroid states

A

Goiter

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8
Q

Iron deficiency is the most common cause of __________ worldwide

A

Goiters

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9
Q

Treatment strategies for gigantism and acromegaly

A

Tumors will likely require surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy

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10
Q

Treatment strategies for dwarfism

A

Lifelong hormone replacement therapy

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11
Q

Increases the reabsorption of calcium from bones to blood; raises blood calcium
Increases reabsorption of calcium and excretion of phosphate by the kidneys
Increases reabsorption of by the small intestine
Blood calcium levels are critical, because calcium is essential for muscle contraction including the heart muscle.

A

Parathyroid hormone/ parathyroid gland function

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12
Q

ADH deflect disease
Profound diuresis occurs, person may excrete up to 25 liters of urine per day
Emergency replacement of fluids necessary or extreme dehydration will result
Hormone replacement therapy in most cases

A

Diabetes insipidus

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13
Q

Early detection of dehydration
Maintain adequate hydration
Accurately measuring I & O
Check urine specific gravity
Daily weights
Provide Po fluids in amount equal to urine output
If IV fluids, monitor hourly

A

Nursing interventions for diabetes insipidus

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14
Q

Treatment may include total or subtotal thyroidectomy; administration of anti thyroid drugs or radioactive iodine; or use if thyroid hormone to block release of TSH
Thyroid hormone replacement for life

A

Treatment strategies for a Goiter

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15
Q

Hyposecretion of thyroxine T4 in an adult
Decreased metabolic rate results in physical and mental lethargy
Most severe form of hypothyroidism
Characterized by swelling of hands, face including preorbital tissues, and feet
If untreated may lead to coma and death

A

Myxedema

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16
Q

Refers to a group of conditions characterized by hyperglycemia, resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.

A

Diabetes mellitus

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17
Q

May be a result of excessive dietary carbohydrate intake as well as insufficient insulin. If the cells are starved for energy, the body may begin to break down fat producing toxic acids

A

Hyperglycemia

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18
Q

May result from insufficient dietary intake, increased physical activity, and excessive diabetic pharmacological activity

A

Hypoglycemia

19
Q

Develops when the body’s immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells

A

Type 1 diabetes

20
Q

Viruses that have been linked to ______ include coxsackievirus, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus, and retroviruses

A

Type 1 diabetes

21
Q

Cannot be prevented and people with this disease must obtain insulin delivered by injection or a pump to survive

A

Type 1 diabetes

22
Q

This form of DM usually begins as insulin resistance

A

Type 2 diabetes

23
Q

Is a group of clinical abnormalities caused by chronic high levels of glucocorticoids, usually cortisol.

A

Cushing syndrome

24
Q

The most common cause is iatrogenic, resulting from ingestion of glucocorticoid medications, which mimic the body’s own hormones.

A

Cushing syndrome

25
Q

Clinical manifestations of Cushing syndrome

A

Round face
Obesity
Buffalo hump

26
Q

Treatment for Cushing syndrome

A

Tapering off of glucocorticoid meds
Tumors will require surgery removal and radiation
High protein diets to counteract the catabolic effects of glucocorticoid

27
Q

Refers to a deficiency of adrenal cortex hormones, glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids, androgens usually as result of an insidious, progressive hypo functioning of the adrenal cortex.

A

Addison’s disease

28
Q

Decreased production of cortisol, glucocorticoid and aldosterone, mineralcortioids due to the following conditions

Inadequate secretion of ACTH by pituitary
Dysfunction of hypothalamus
Dysfunction of adrenal gland tissue

A

Addison’s disease

29
Q

Tuberculosis, metatastic cancer, fungal lesions, aids, hemorrhage, gram negative sepsis, adrenalectomy, radiation therapy, drugs, toxins, meningitis, tumors

It can be caused by damage resulting from autoimmune conditions (the most common cause)

A

Causes of Addison’s disease

30
Q

Treatment of this disease requires lifelong hormonal therapy, hydrocortisone or prednisone can be used to replace glucocorticoids and fludrocortisone can be used to replace mineral corticoids

A

Treatment for Addison’s disease

31
Q

May result from pituitary dysfunction that results in insufficient ACTH levels

A

Addison’s disease

32
Q

Results from increased pituitary production of ACTH, typically as a result of pituitary adenoma

A

Cushing syndrome

33
Q

Can be treated with radioactive iodine therapy

A

Goiters

34
Q

Hypothyroidism Is easily managed with thyroid replacement

A

Levothyroxine (Myxedema)

35
Q

Clinical manifestions of ______

marked hypertension
Respiratory depression
Extreme hypothermia
Areflexia
Seizures
Lethargy
COMA

A

Myxedema COMA

36
Q

As a result diabetic retinopathy, is the leading cause of

A

Blindness

37
Q

Is an organ with both exocrine and endocrine cells
90% of its cells focus on digestive functions
Contains islets of langerhans

A

Pancreas

38
Q

Islet of langehans are an endocrine function and they contain
Alpha cells =
Beta cells =
Delta cells =
Pancreatic polypeptide cells =
Episolin cells =

A

Glucagon

Insulin

Somatosatin

Pancreatic peptide

Ghrelin

39
Q

Is released when serum glucose levels fall

Is released when serum glucose levels increase

A

Glucagon

Insulin

40
Q

Usually four in number are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid. Each parathyroid gland secrete parathyroid hormone. PTH is secreted when calcium levels drop

A

Parathyroid function

41
Q

Located in each kidney
Has an inner potion and outer portion called the ______ and _______
Hypothalamus releases CRH to stimulate the pituitary gland to release _______

A

Adrenal glands

Medulla and cortex

ACTH

42
Q

The medulla is regulated by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus and produce ______ in times of stress the flight or flight response of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

43
Q

The cortex has three separate regions that produce different steroids
The outermost region secretes __________
The middle region of the adrenal cortex secretes ________
The innermost region of the cortex secretes _____ or sex hormones

A

Outermost region Mineralocorticoids = aldosterone

The middle region secretes glucocorticoids = cortisol

The inner most region secretes gonadscorticoids

44
Q

Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Glutamate
GABA
Endogenous opioids

A

Neurotransmitters

Pathophsyiology (15 decks)

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