Final Review Flashcards
Closure
When are mine to fill in the blanks of a picture even though it’s just shapes
Proximity
Items are placed close together, so we perceive them as part of a group
Figure ground
Depends on what you’re focusing on to determine what the figure and ground is
Reciprocity norm
If someone helps someone else out, they expect help in return 
Group polarization
After discussing a topic, the group members beliefs become more extreme than part of the discussion 
Confirmation bias 
The tendency for a person to look for information that supports their beliefs and ignoring evidence that doesn’t
Belief, perseverance
The tendency for individuals to hold onto believe even after being presented with this information against it
Self-serving bias
Overstate ones role when there’s a positive outcome and understate it when there’s a negative outcome
Stereotype threat
The anxiety, that members of the group feel if they believe that their performance will confirm a negative stereotypes
Foot in the door phenomenon
 Small request, then larger request 
Door in the face phenomenon
Large request is made, and then smaller after they reject the large request
Hostile aggression
End goal is physical harm
Instrumental, aggression
Aggression used to achieved some other means
afferent neurons
sensory neurons
efferent neurons
motor neurons (movement)
long term potentiation
synaptic connections between neurons become stronger with frequent activation
arousal
state of alertness and/or being awake
reticular formation
Part of brain stem that controls arousal
- if its cute –> coma
perepheral nervous system
nerves that pranch off the brain and spinal chord
somatic nervous system
controls voluntary movement and feelings
autonomic nervous system
controls involuntary internal movement
sympathetic nervous system
alert system that responds to stressors
para sympathetic nervous system
calms body after stress
arousal theory
when people do something to raise or lower their arousal level
common sense theory
stimulus –> emotion –> arousal
(twig snaps) (fear). (heart races)
james-lange theory
stimulus –> arousal –> emotion
cannon-Bard theory
stimulus (twig snaps) –> emotion (fear) and arousal (heart racing) at the same time
schachter two factor
stimulus –> arousal and cognitive appraisal (evaluating the stimulus–> emotion)
Lazarus cognitive appraisal theory
stimulus –> cognitive appraisal –> emotion and arousal at the same time
cerebellum
coordination, motor control, balance, muscle memory
broca’s area
prefrontal lobe, produces speech
- “bro”
expressive aphasia
loss of speech
wernickes area
understand spoken language
angular gyrus
takes visual stimuli and sends to Wernicke’s area to under stand whats written
inattentional blindness
failing to notice a recognisable stimuls because one’s attention is focused elsewhere
- ex. how many passes but bear walks in the middle
cocktail party effect
a person’s ability to focus on one thing while ignoring everything else
cognitive maps (tolman)
map in your head
approach-approach conflict
choice between two desirable outcomes
ex. choosing between two good colleges
avoidance-avoidance conflict
two undesirable outcomes
ex. clean bathroom or room
approach-avoidance
when an event/goal has attractive and unattractive features
multiple approach avoidant conflict
choice between two or more options and all options have pluses and minuses
ex. option 1- amazing location/beautiful but expensive
option 2- solid location but cheaper
habituation
diminished effectiveness of a stimulus in after repeated response
ex. living in the city
algorithm
step-by-step procedure that garuntees a correct outcome
framing
Presenting info in a way that impacts how it’s perceived
source amnesia/misattribution
identifying where a memory came from wrong
chunking
organizing info into meaningful units to be stored into memory
functional fixedness
A cognitive bias that limits a person’s ability to use an object in a way other than its intended purpose, “stuck” or “fixed”
-overcome by thinking of different uses
mental set
you use a solution that worked in the past on a current problem
reciprocal determinism (bandura)
ones thoughts, behavior, and environment influence eachother
ex. “I’m a good student” –> studies hard –> good grades –> ^
external locus of control
chance or outside forces control their fate
internal locus of control
you control your own fate
learned helplessness experiment (seligman)
Part 1
- group one (control): no shock
- group 2: shocked (lever –> stopped shock)
-group 3: shocked (lever didn’t stop shock)
part 2 (put in a room with escape from shock)
- group 1: shocked then went to safety
-group 2: went to safety
-group 3: accepted the shock
possitive psych
Seligman encurages a possitive outlook
humanistic psych
(maslow and rogers) self improvement
maslow’s hierarchy of needs
physiological needs –> safty needs –> love and belonging –> esteem –> self actualization
self-actualization
fulfilling one’s highest potential
self concept (maslow and Rogers)
how do you see yourself?
positive and negative
unconditional positive regard
parent/ therapist in fully acceptant of kid
mean
average
median
middle number
mode
most common number
range
largest-smallest #
standard deviation
how close the numbers are to the mean
circadiam rhythem
biological cycles that occur every 24 hours
rem sleep
most dreams occur, brains processing memories, paradoxical sleep (can’t move but sending waves like you are wide awake)
correlation coefficient
strength of relationship
- ex. Further from 0 stronger correlation
authoritative parenting
supportive + strong discipline
authoritarian parenting
super strict with little support
permissive parenting
supportive with weak discipline
repression
blocking memories fro ones mind
ex. child abuse
regression
behaving in a wat that helped relieved anxiety in the past
ex. sucking thumb
displacement
taking out anger on something less threatening
ex. gets in trouble –> kicks trash can
projection
attributing undesirable feelings onto others
ex. cheaters thinks everyone else cheats
denial
refusing to accept whats happening
ex. denies drug addiction
sublimation
redirecting unacceptable impulses through something socially acceptible
ex. exercise as a way to channel anger
rationalization
making excuses to justify behavior
ex. car expensive but need to get around
reaction formation
acts opposite manner of true feelings
ex. “hates” the boy who broke up with her but actually still loves him
kohlberg’s moral development
- pre-conventional
- conventional
- post-conventional
pre-convetional
obedience to avoid punishment
conventional
Makes decisions based on what others think
post-conventional
follow laws but believe they should be broken for good reason
piaget cognitive development stages
(0-2) Sensorimotor- experience through senses and object permanence
(2-7) Preoperational- use words to express things, pretend play, egocentrism
(7-11) Concrete operational- logic, understands conservation
(12+) formal operational- abstract thinking
conservation
understanding that the amount is the same even when altered in appearance
erikson’s psychosocial development
(0-1) trust vs. mistrust (trust the world)
(1-2) autonomy vs. shame (wanna do stuff on their own)
(3-5) Initiative vs. guilt (leader)
(6-11) Industry vs. inferiority (confidence)
(12-18) identity vs. role confusion
(19-40) intimacy vs. isolation
(40-65) generativity vs. stagnation (leaving a legacy)
(65-death) integrity vs dispair (life successful?)
absolute threshold
minimum amt of stimulation required to trigger sensations
ex. don’t feel a bug on your arm bc its below your absolute threshold
only abt 50% of time
difference threshold
the minimum change in the intensity of a stimulus needed to detect the change
- only able to detect 50% of time
adrenal glands
part of endocrine system
secretes hirmones norepinephrine and epinephrine
prospective memory
remembering to do a task at a certain time
social loafing
someone works less had when in a group
ex. group projects
cocktail party effect
Tune into one voice while many convos are going
the neuron-firing process
the threshold is met and the neuron will fire
acetylcholine
muscle contraction and movement
dopamine
seeks pleasure
serotonin
regulates moods
epinephrine/norepinephrine
fight or flight response
GABA
regulates sleep-wake clcles
endorphins
reduces pain
glutamate
memory
display rules
Cultural norms that show how you should display emotion
groupthink
individuals in a group preserve how they think t preserve the harmony of the group
ex. going out to eat at a place your friends want to go but you don’t
cognitive dissonance
the difference between behavior and thought process
people need to reduce the dissonance
ex. wants to help environment but drives a car causing pollution
schema
dif categories we organize info in our brains
self-fulfilling prophecy
the expectation abt a situation that impacts an individual’s behavior in a way that leads to the expectations to come true
ex. bad student
big five personality traits
openness-open to new tthings
conscientiousness- responsible
extraversion- sociable
agreeableness-like to help others
neuroticism- sensitive
cross-sectional study
different groups of people at the same time
longitudinal study
a researcher studies the same people year after year
context dependant memory
can rtrieve memories that correspond to the physical setting that it was in
mood congruent memories
recalling memories when in the same mood
state dependant memory
retrieving memories when in the same state
ex. drunk, high
snensory memory
filters out whats import to remember
