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Psych > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Closure

A

When are mine to fill in the blanks of a picture even though it’s just shapes

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2
Q

Proximity

A

Items are placed close together, so we perceive them as part of a group

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3
Q

Figure ground

A

Depends on what you’re focusing on to determine what the figure and ground is

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4
Q

Reciprocity norm

A

If someone helps someone else out, they expect help in return 

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5
Q

Group polarization

A

After discussing a topic, the group members beliefs become more extreme than part of the discussion 

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6
Q

Confirmation bias 

A

The tendency for a person to look for information that supports their beliefs and ignoring evidence that doesn’t

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7
Q

Belief, perseverance

A

The tendency for individuals to hold onto believe even after being presented with this information against it

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8
Q

Self-serving bias

A

Overstate ones role when there’s a positive outcome and understate it when there’s a negative outcome

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9
Q

Stereotype threat

A

The anxiety, that members of the group feel if they believe that their performance will confirm a negative stereotypes

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10
Q

Foot in the door phenomenon

A

 Small request, then larger request 

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11
Q

Door in the face phenomenon

A

Large request is made, and then smaller after they reject the large request

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12
Q

Hostile aggression

A

End goal is physical harm

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13
Q

Instrumental, aggression

A

Aggression used to achieved some other means

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14
Q

afferent neurons

A

sensory neurons

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15
Q

efferent neurons

A

motor neurons (movement)

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16
Q

long term potentiation

A

synaptic connections between neurons become stronger with frequent activation

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17
Q

arousal

A

state of alertness and/or being awake

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18
Q

reticular formation

A

Part of brain stem that controls arousal
- if its cute –> coma

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19
Q

perepheral nervous system

A

nerves that pranch off the brain and spinal chord

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20
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary movement and feelings

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21
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls involuntary internal movement

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22
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

alert system that responds to stressors

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23
Q

para sympathetic nervous system

A

calms body after stress

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24
Q

arousal theory

A

when people do something to raise or lower their arousal level

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25
Q

common sense theory

A

stimulus –> emotion –> arousal
(twig snaps) (fear). (heart races)

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26
Q

james-lange theory

A

stimulus –> arousal –> emotion

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27
Q

cannon-Bard theory

A

stimulus (twig snaps) –> emotion (fear) and arousal (heart racing) at the same time

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28
Q

schachter two factor

A

stimulus –> arousal and cognitive appraisal (evaluating the stimulus–> emotion)

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29
Q

Lazarus cognitive appraisal theory

A

stimulus –> cognitive appraisal –> emotion and arousal at the same time

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30
Q

cerebellum

A

coordination, motor control, balance, muscle memory

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31
Q

broca’s area

A

prefrontal lobe, produces speech
- “bro”

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32
Q

expressive aphasia

A

loss of speech

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33
Q

wernickes area

A

understand spoken language

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34
Q

angular gyrus

A

takes visual stimuli and sends to Wernicke’s area to under stand whats written

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35
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failing to notice a recognisable stimuls because one’s attention is focused elsewhere
- ex. how many passes but bear walks in the middle

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36
Q

cocktail party effect

A

a person’s ability to focus on one thing while ignoring everything else

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37
Q

cognitive maps (tolman)

A

map in your head

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38
Q

approach-approach conflict

A

choice between two desirable outcomes
ex. choosing between two good colleges

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39
Q

avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

two undesirable outcomes
ex. clean bathroom or room

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40
Q

approach-avoidance

A

when an event/goal has attractive and unattractive features

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41
Q

multiple approach avoidant conflict

A

choice between two or more options and all options have pluses and minuses
ex. option 1- amazing location/beautiful but expensive
option 2- solid location but cheaper

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42
Q

habituation

A

diminished effectiveness of a stimulus in after repeated response
ex. living in the city

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43
Q

algorithm

A

step-by-step procedure that garuntees a correct outcome

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44
Q

framing

A

Presenting info in a way that impacts how it’s perceived

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45
Q

source amnesia/misattribution

A

identifying where a memory came from wrong

46
Q

chunking

A

organizing info into meaningful units to be stored into memory

47
Q

functional fixedness

A

A cognitive bias that limits a person’s ability to use an object in a way other than its intended purpose, “stuck” or “fixed”
-overcome by thinking of different uses

48
Q

mental set

A

you use a solution that worked in the past on a current problem

49
Q

reciprocal determinism (bandura)

A

ones thoughts, behavior, and environment influence eachother
ex. “I’m a good student” –> studies hard –> good grades –> ^

50
Q

external locus of control

A

chance or outside forces control their fate

51
Q

internal locus of control

A

you control your own fate

52
Q

learned helplessness experiment (seligman)

A

Part 1
- group one (control): no shock
- group 2: shocked (lever –> stopped shock)
-group 3: shocked (lever didn’t stop shock)
part 2 (put in a room with escape from shock)
- group 1: shocked then went to safety
-group 2: went to safety
-group 3: accepted the shock

53
Q

possitive psych

A

Seligman encurages a possitive outlook

54
Q

humanistic psych

A

(maslow and rogers) self improvement

55
Q

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

physiological needs –> safty needs –> love and belonging –> esteem –> self actualization

56
Q

self-actualization

A

fulfilling one’s highest potential

57
Q

self concept (maslow and Rogers)

A

how do you see yourself?
positive and negative

58
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

parent/ therapist in fully acceptant of kid

59
Q

mean

A

average

60
Q

median

A

middle number

61
Q

mode

A

most common number

62
Q

range

A

largest-smallest #

63
Q

standard deviation

A

how close the numbers are to the mean

64
Q

circadiam rhythem

A

biological cycles that occur every 24 hours

65
Q

rem sleep

A

most dreams occur, brains processing memories, paradoxical sleep (can’t move but sending waves like you are wide awake)

66
Q

correlation coefficient

A

strength of relationship
- ex. Further from 0 stronger correlation

67
Q

authoritative parenting

A

supportive + strong discipline

68
Q

authoritarian parenting

A

super strict with little support

69
Q

permissive parenting

A

supportive with weak discipline

70
Q

repression

A

blocking memories fro ones mind
ex. child abuse

71
Q

regression

A

behaving in a wat that helped relieved anxiety in the past
ex. sucking thumb

72
Q

displacement

A

taking out anger on something less threatening
ex. gets in trouble –> kicks trash can

73
Q

projection

A

attributing undesirable feelings onto others
ex. cheaters thinks everyone else cheats

74
Q

denial

A

refusing to accept whats happening
ex. denies drug addiction

75
Q

sublimation

A

redirecting unacceptable impulses through something socially acceptible
ex. exercise as a way to channel anger

76
Q

rationalization

A

making excuses to justify behavior
ex. car expensive but need to get around

77
Q

reaction formation

A

acts opposite manner of true feelings
ex. “hates” the boy who broke up with her but actually still loves him

78
Q

kohlberg’s moral development

A
  1. pre-conventional
  2. conventional
  3. post-conventional
79
Q

pre-convetional

A

obedience to avoid punishment

80
Q

conventional

A

Makes decisions based on what others think

81
Q

post-conventional

A

follow laws but believe they should be broken for good reason

82
Q

piaget cognitive development stages

A

(0-2) Sensorimotor- experience through senses and object permanence
(2-7) Preoperational- use words to express things, pretend play, egocentrism
(7-11) Concrete operational- logic, understands conservation
(12+) formal operational- abstract thinking

83
Q

conservation

A

understanding that the amount is the same even when altered in appearance

84
Q

erikson’s psychosocial development

A

(0-1) trust vs. mistrust (trust the world)
(1-2) autonomy vs. shame (wanna do stuff on their own)
(3-5) Initiative vs. guilt (leader)
(6-11) Industry vs. inferiority (confidence)
(12-18) identity vs. role confusion
(19-40) intimacy vs. isolation
(40-65) generativity vs. stagnation (leaving a legacy)
(65-death) integrity vs dispair (life successful?)

85
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum amt of stimulation required to trigger sensations
ex. don’t feel a bug on your arm bc its below your absolute threshold
only abt 50% of time

86
Q

difference threshold

A

the minimum change in the intensity of a stimulus needed to detect the change
- only able to detect 50% of time

87
Q

adrenal glands

A

part of endocrine system
secretes hirmones norepinephrine and epinephrine

88
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to do a task at a certain time

89
Q

social loafing

A

someone works less had when in a group
ex. group projects

90
Q

cocktail party effect

A

Tune into one voice while many convos are going

91
Q

the neuron-firing process

A

the threshold is met and the neuron will fire

92
Q

acetylcholine

A

muscle contraction and movement

93
Q

dopamine

A

seeks pleasure

94
Q

serotonin

A

regulates moods

95
Q

epinephrine/norepinephrine

A

fight or flight response

96
Q

GABA

A

regulates sleep-wake clcles

97
Q

endorphins

A

reduces pain

98
Q

glutamate

A

memory

99
Q

display rules

A

Cultural norms that show how you should display emotion

100
Q

groupthink

A

individuals in a group preserve how they think t preserve the harmony of the group
ex. going out to eat at a place your friends want to go but you don’t

101
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

the difference between behavior and thought process
people need to reduce the dissonance
ex. wants to help environment but drives a car causing pollution

102
Q

schema

A

dif categories we organize info in our brains

103
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

the expectation abt a situation that impacts an individual’s behavior in a way that leads to the expectations to come true
ex. bad student

104
Q

big five personality traits

A

openness-open to new tthings
conscientiousness- responsible
extraversion- sociable
agreeableness-like to help others
neuroticism- sensitive

105
Q

cross-sectional study

A

different groups of people at the same time

106
Q

longitudinal study

A

a researcher studies the same people year after year

107
Q

context dependant memory

A

can rtrieve memories that correspond to the physical setting that it was in

108
Q

mood congruent memories

A

recalling memories when in the same mood

109
Q

state dependant memory

A

retrieving memories when in the same state
ex. drunk, high

110
Q

snensory memory

A

filters out whats import to remember

Psych (20 decks)

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