cognition Flashcards
 Cognition
The mental activities associated with thinking knowing remembering and communicating
Concepts
Mental groupings of similar things
Proto types
Mental images or examples of a category
Creativity
The ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable
Convergent thinking
determining one best solution
Divergent thinking
Expand number of solutions
Components of creativity
- expertise
- Imaginative thinking skills
- Aventures some personality
- Intrinsic motivation
- Creative environment
Expertise
Oh well developed base of knowledge
Imaginative thinking skills
Recognize patterns and connections
Adventuresome personality
New experience, overcome obstacles, tolerate risk
Intrinsic motivation
interest, satisfaction, challenge > External pressure
Creative environment
Around creative people
Algorithms
step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution
EX. Trying to pick a lock by trying every number combination
Heuristics
Short cuts and thinking
insight
Sudden realization of a solution
Confirmation bias
Looking for evidence to confirm our theories instead of refute them
Mental set
approaching a problem with the mindset of what has worked for us in the past
intuition
Fast automatic unreason thoughts
representativeness heuristic
judging things by how well they match their prototype (May ignore relevant info)
-ex. Truck driver
Availability heuristic
Estimating likelihood of events based on how mentally available they are
-ex. Best quarterbacks equal the most recent ones
Overconfidence
More confident than correct
Belief perseverance
Cling to believes even with contrary evidence
Framing
The way a sentence is formed to get a certain response
Fixation
Don’t know how to look or solve problems from another point of view
phonemes
smallest distinctive sound in language
40 in English
Morphemes
smallest unit that carries meaning
-100,000 in english 
Grammar
Language rules
stages of Language development
- babbling stage (4 mo)
- Babbling starts to sound like language (10 mo)
- One word stage (12 mo)
- Two word phase (24 mo)
- Starts making sentences (24+)
productive language
ability to produce words
receptive language
recognizing dif. speech sounds
one word stage
1-2 yrs
syntax
structure of sentences
over generalization
applying a rule to every situation in grammar incorrectly ( kids/ new language learners)
Noam Chonskey
Said that everyone is born with the ability to learn grammar
Inborn universal grammar theory
Everyone is born with the ability to learn grammar
Critical periods of language learning
( best) 0-7, (better) 7-12, (good) 12-18
Language determinism
Language determines how we think
Nature versus nurture and language
Have to be in an environment that exposes us to language
Skinners theory
We learn with rewards
language acquisition device (Chomsky)
The ability to pick up language quickly in our brains
Semantic grammar
The meaning of a word
- Can change based on context
Telegraphic speech
to word stage 2 yrs
functional Fixedness
using an object in a way it wasn’t intended to be used
