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A&P 1 > Final- NS fundamentals > Flashcards

Final- NS fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory (afferent)

A
  • Transmits impulses from sensory receptors toward CNS
  • Somatic-impulses from skin, skeletal muscles (conscious)
  • Visceral-impulses from visceral organs toward CNS (unconscious)
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2
Q

Motor (efferent)

A
  • transmits impulses away from CNS to effector organs
  • somatic-impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles (conscious)
  • autonomic-impulses from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands (unconscious)
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3
Q

Difference between nuclei and ganglia

A

Nuclei-cluster of cell bodies in the CNS

Ganglia-cluster of cell bodies in the PNS

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4
Q

Anterograde transport

A
  • moves substances away from cell body

- ex: neurotransmitters

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5
Q

Retrograde transport

A
  • moves substances towards cell bodies

- ex: vesicles, NT recycling

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6
Q

What is MS made of and what is its purpose

A
  • made of lipids from Schwann cells (PNS) and oligodendrocytes (CNS)
  • purpose is the insulate axons and make AP faster
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7
Q

Depolarization

A

Makes the cell membrane more positive

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8
Q

Hyper polarization

A

Making the cell slightly more positive back to the RMP which is -55

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9
Q

Repolarization

A

Makes the cell negative down to -70

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10
Q

How do action potentials self propagate

A

Positive Na+ ions at origin activate neighboring VG Na+ channels

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11
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Only generated at Nodes of Ranvier

Diffusion of Na+ ions under myelinated nerve segments cause a fast propagation of the AP stimulus in those regions

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12
Q

How can AP be blocked

A
  • Novacain

- cold and pressure

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13
Q

Chemical synapse characteristics

A
  • release and receptor of chemical NT

- slower than electrical

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14
Q

Electrical synapse

A
  • least common
  • neurons joined by gap junctions
  • fast communication
  • allow synchronization of interconnected neurons
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15
Q

Steps of chemical synapse transmission

A
  1. AP arrives at axon terminal
  2. VC Ca channels open, Ca rushes in
  3. Ca entry causes synaptic vesicles to release NT by exocytosis
  4. NT binds receptor on post synaptic neuron
  5. NT fate
    - stays in synapse
    - taken up by transport proteins
    - enzymatically degraded
    - diffused away from synapse
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16
Q

EPSP

A

Brings the membrane close to the AP potential

17
Q

IPSP

A

Brings the neuron away from the AP threshold

Opens K+ or Cl- channels

18
Q

Temporal summation

A

One stimulus pushing the AP to its threshold

19
Q

Spatial summation

A

Multiple stimuli pushing the AP to its threshold

20
Q

ACh

A
  • stimulates muscle to contract
  • important in CNS for learning and memory
  • develop Alzheimer’s if you have low levels
21
Q

Serotonin

A
  • inhibitory in CNS
  • Calms anxiety, relieves depression, helps us sleep
  • low levels means you’ll have anxiety and depression
22
Q

Histamine

A

Involved in learning and memory
Stimulates wakefulness
Antihistamines-makes you sleepy

23
Q

Dopamine

A
  • stimulates pleasure centers
  • stimulates attention, focus, motivation and drive
  • elevated dopamine levels means you could have schizophrenia
  • low levels of dopamine means you could have Parkinson’s
24
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • ANS
  • acts on cardiac, smooth muscle and glands
  • increases heart rate, blood pressure and dilated pupils
  • increases arousal and attention
25
Q

GABA

A
  • inhibitory NT

- reduces anxiety and stress

26
Q

Endorphins

A
  • block transmission of pain

- increases pleasure sensations

27
Q

Enkaphalins

A

-released in pregnant women during labor

28
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • most abundant
  • attach neurons to capillaries
  • guide formation of synapses
  • control chemical environment around neurons
29
Q

Micro glial cells

A
  • monitor health of neurons

- phagocytose invading microorganisms or dead/dying cells

30
Q

Difference between CNS and PNS

A

CNS-Brain and spinal cord

PNS-All the neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord

A&P 1 (14 decks)

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