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A&P 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Who Discovered Cells?

A

-Robert Hooke in 1665 -Observed cork slices -Coined the term “cells”

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2
Q

Schleiden and Schwann Cell Theory

A

Schleiden- concluded that all plant parts are made of cells Schwann- stated that all animal tissues are composed of cells

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3
Q

Cell Theory

A

-All life forms are made of one or more cells -Cells only arise from pre-existing cells -The cell is the smalled form of life

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4
Q

Cell Types

A

-Cells that connect body parts, form linings or transport gases -Cells that move organs and body parts -Cells that store nutrients -Cells that fight disease -Cells that gather info and controls body functions -Cells of reproduction

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5
Q

Cells that connect body parts, form linings, or transport linings

A

-Fibroblasts -Erythrocytes -Epithelial cells

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6
Q

Cells that move organs and body parts

A

-Skeletal muscle cell -Smooth muscle cells

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7
Q

Cell that stores nutrients

A

-Fat cell

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8
Q

Cell that fights disease

A

-Macrophage

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9
Q

Cell that gathers info and controls body function

A

-Nerve cell

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10
Q

Cell of reproduction

A

-Sperm

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11
Q

Plasma Membrane functions

A

-Boundary-separates intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid -Regulates transport of molecules into and out of the cell -Recognition molecules that identify a cell to other cells

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12
Q

Membrane Lipids

A

-75% phospholipids Lipid bilayer -5% glycolipids Lipids with polar sugar groups on outer membrane surface -20% cholesterol Increases membrane stability

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13
Q

Membrane Proteins

A

-Integral Proteins -Peripheral Proteins -Filament of Cytoskeleton

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14
Q

Integral Proteins

A

-Firmly inserted into the membrane -Often transmembrane -Usually transport proteins -Often contains pores -Can mediate attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

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15
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

-Loosely attached to integral proteins -Usually enzymes

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16
Q

Filament of Cytoskeleton

A

-Cytosolic -Supports membrane -Gives cells their shape

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17
Q

Glycocalyx

A

-Carbohydrate coat of cell surface Glycolipids Glycoproteins -Important in cell recognition Immune cells MHC proteins ABO blood groups

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18
Q

Plasma Membrane Special Features

A

-Microvilli -Gap Junctions -Tight Junctions

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19
Q

Microvilli

A

-Finger like projections of the cell membrane -Increase surface area of cell -Aid in absorption -Found in small intestine, kidney

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20
Q

Gap Junctions

A

-Transmembrane proteins that form pores that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell -Found in cardiac myocytes and smooth muscle cells

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21
Q

Tight Junctions

A

-Prevent molecules from passing through layers of cells -Found in the intestines

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22
Q

How do molecules pass through cell membranes?

A

-Passive transport -Active transport

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23
Q

Passive Transport

A

-Does not require energy (ATP) -Molecules move down a concentration gradient

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24
Q

Active Transport

A

-Requires ATP -Molecules move against a concentration gradient

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25
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

-Molescules diffuse directly through phospholipid bilayer -Molecules must be small, non-polar, and lipid soluble (O2, CO2, Ureae, Alcohol) -Requires concentration gradient

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26
Q

Facilitated Diffusion Channel Mediated

A

-Molecules diffuse directly through channels down concentration down concentration gradient -Usually small polar charged molecules (Na+, K+)

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27
Q

Facilitated Diffusion Carrier Mediated

A

-Carriers have high specificity (Glucose, amino acids) -Carriers can become saturated (Tm) -Tm= transport max -Maximum level of saturation for a carrier protein

28
Q

Osmosis

A

-Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane -Uses aquaporins -Travels down a concentration gradient

29
Q

Isotonic solutions

A

-Usuallu 0.9% NaCl -5% Glucose

30
Q

Hypotonic solutions

A

-Less than 0.9% NaCl -Less than 5% Glucose

31
Q

Hypertonic solutions

A

-Greater than 0.9% NaCl -Greater than 5% Glucose

32
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

-Pressure that develops as a result of osmosis

33
Q

Filtration

A

-Moving down a pressure gradient

34
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

-Pressure exerted by water against the plasma membrane

35
Q

Plasma Membrane Potential

A

-Voltage resulting from separation of oppositely charged particles Regulated by -Na+K+ pump -Leaky K+ channels -Membrane Potential is usually -70 to -90 mV

36
Q

Endocytosis

A

-Uptake of large particles or numerous particles into cells through vesicles -Form of Active Transport

37
Q

Phagocytosis

A

-“Cell-Eating” -Engulfment of bacteria or other particles by psuedopod extension -Particle enclosed in phagosome (later combines with lysosome) -Macrophages

38
Q

Pintocytosis

A

-“Cell-Drinking” -Engulfment of extracellular fluid and dissolved molecules (nutrients) -Intestinal cells

39
Q

Exocytosis

A

-Moving particles out Ex: -Hormones -Neurotransmitters -Mucus

40
Q

Cytoplasm

A

-Area between plasma membrane and nuclear membrane -Cytosol -Organelles -Inclusions

41
Q

Cytosol

A

-Viscous jelly like substance suspending all cytoplasmic components -Mostly water

42
Q

Organelles

A

-Little organs

43
Q

Inclusions

A

-Cell specific -Glycogen (liver and muscle) -Lipid droplets (Adipose) -Melanin (Skin)

44
Q

Mitochondria

A

-“Power house” of cell -Aerobic Respiration -Have their own DNA, RNA and ribosomes

45
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

-Process of conversion of glucose to ATP -Requires Oxygen

46
Q

Ribosomes

A

-Sites of protein synthesis Two types -Free ribosomes -Membrane-bound (ER) ribosomes

47
Q

Free ribosomes

A

-Synthesize cytosolic proteins

48
Q

Membrane bound (ER) ribosomes

A

-Synthesize plasma membrane proteins, or proteins that are exported -Antibodies, hormones, neurotransmitters

49
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

-Network of interconnected membranes, continuous with nuclear membrane

50
Q

Rough ER

A

-Ribosomes attached -Ribosomes synthesize membrane proteins or proteins that are exported

51
Q

Smooth ER

A

-No ribosomes, so no role in protein synthesis -Contains enzymes which play a role in lipid synthesis, steroid hormone synthesis -Detoxify drugs -Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) (in muscle) regulate calcium needed for muscle contraction

52
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

-Modifies, sorts and packages proteins made in the ER Example: -Carbohydrate or phosphate attachment

53
Q

Lysosomes

A

-Spherical organelles containing digestive enzymes (hydrolases) -Macrophage lysosomes digest particles (bacteria) taken in by endocytosis -Digest non-functional organelles -Digest non-functional tissue (webbing in feet-hands in fetal development)

54
Q

Peroxisomes

A

-Spherical organelles containing enzymes -Enzymes detoxify harmful substances (alcohol, fermeldahyde) -Neutralizes free radicals such as superoxide (O2-) a byproduct of cellular respiration

55
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

-The cell’s skeleton Made of: -Microfilaments -Intermediate filaments -Microtubules

56
Q

Microfilaments

A

-Cell shape -Cell contraction -Reinforce the plasma membrane -Cytokinesis

57
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

-Help cells resist tension (stretching)

58
Q

Microtubules (MTs)

A

-Position and suspend organelles

59
Q

Centrioles

A

-Centrioles are paired hollow tubes that anchor and organize MTs -Centrioles generate the mitotic spindle -Direct cilia and flagella formation

60
Q

Nucleus

A

-Control center of the cell -Most cells have one nucleus Exceptions: -Skeletal muscle (multinucleate) -Red blood cells (anucleate)

61
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

-Double membrane -Continuous with ER

62
Q

Nucleolus

A

-Make ribosomes

63
Q

Chromatin

A

Contains: -DNA -Histone Proteins

64
Q

Chromosome Architecture

A

-DNA is wound around histone proteins -During mitosis chromatin organizes into chromosomes

65
Q

DNA Transcription

A

-DNA info encoded in mRNA

66
Q

DNA Translation

A

-mRNA decoded to assemble polypeptides (proteins)

67
Q
A

DNA transcription

A&P 1 (14 decks)

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