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A&P 1 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Cells of the Epidermis

A
  • Keratinocytes
  • Langerhans Cells
  • Merkel Cells
  • Melanocytes
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2
Q

Keratinocytes

A
  • Composes more than 90% of epidermal cells

- Makes keratin

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3
Q

Keratin

A

-Gives skin its strength and flexibility

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4
Q

Langerhans Cells

A
  • Immune cells

- Phagocytose foreign particle, and initiates an immune response if necessary

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5
Q

Merkel Cells

A

-Touch receptors

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6
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • Make melanin

- Protects us from UV rays

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7
Q

Epidermal Layers

A
  • Stratum Basale
  • Stratum Spinosum
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum Lucidum
  • Stratum Corneum
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8
Q

Stratum Basale

A
  • Deepest epidermal layer
  • Mitotic layer
  • Melanocytes and Merkel cells found in this layer
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9
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A
  • Some mitosis

- Langerhans cells found in this layer

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10
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

-Keratinization occurs here

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11
Q

Keratinization

A

-Granules containing keratin begin to form

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12
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A
  • Only in thick skin

- Thin clear layer of dead keratinocytes between the stratum corneum and the stratum granulosum

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13
Q

Stratum Corneum

A
  • Most superficial layer of the skin
  • 20-30 layers of dead keratinocytes
  • Protects from abrasion, outside environment, water loss
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14
Q

Layers of the Dermis

A
  • Papillary Layer

- Reticular Layer

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15
Q

Papillary Layer

A
  • Most superficial layer (20% total thickness)
  • Areolar tissue
  • Dermal Papillae (fingerprints)
  • Meissner Corpuscle (light touch receptor)
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16
Q

Reticular Layer

A
  • Deep layer (80% total Dermis thickness)

- Dense irregular

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17
Q

Cleavage Lines

A

-Natural separations in the dermis caused by bundling collagen fibers i the reticular layer

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18
Q

What determines our skin color?

A
  • Melanocytes

- Melanin

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19
Q

Melanocytes

A

-Make melanin

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20
Q

Melanin

A
  • The pigment that dictates our skin color, and protects us from UV radiation
  • Production is determined by genetics and UV exposure
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21
Q

Albino

A

-Lack the enzyme responsible for melanin production

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22
Q

Why is UV radiation bad?

A
  • Causes DNA damage (Leads to skin cancer)
  • Breaks down elastin (Leads to wrinkles)
  • Depresses the immune system (More susceptible to infection)
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23
Q

Other skin pigments

A
  • Carotene

- Hemoglobin

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24
Q

Carotene

A
  • Found in stratum corneum

- Yellowish pigment

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25
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • Found in red blood cells

- Gives skin a pinkish color when it is oxygenated

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26
Q

Skin color changes

A
  • Redness
  • Pallor (whitening of skin)
  • Cyanosis
  • Jaundice
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27
Q

Redness of the skin

A
  • Dilation of superficial blood vessels

- Caused by blushing, drinking, fever, inflammation, allergy, high blood pressure

28
Q

Pallor

A
  • Whitening of the skin

- Caused by fear, anger, anemia, low blood pressure

29
Q

Cyanosis

A
  • Bluish tinged skin
  • Caused by lack of oxygen in skin
  • Could indicate abnormal heart or lung function
30
Q

Jaundice

A
  • Yellow tinged skin
  • Caused by bilirubin in the blood (breakdown product of RBC)
  • Could indicate liver function
31
Q

Appendages of the skin

A
  • Hair
  • Sweat glands
  • Oil glands
32
Q

Hair

A
  • Arrector pili-smooth muscle (contracts in response to chilled body surfaces or fear)
  • Germinal matrix
  • Papilla
33
Q

Germinal matrix

A
  • Epithelial cells undergoing mitosis

- Responsible for new hair growth

34
Q

Papilla

A
  • Dermal tissue

- Provides nourishment

35
Q

Growth Cycle of Hair

A
  • Active Growth Phase

- Resting Phase

36
Q

Active Growth Phase

A
  • Hair matrix cells undergo mitosis
  • Scalp: 6-10 Years
  • Eyebrows: 3-4 months
37
Q

Resting Phase

A
  • Hair matrix cells die, follicle shrivels

- Scalp: 2-3 months

38
Q

What affects hair growth?

A
  • Hormones
  • Nutrition
  • Smoking
39
Q

Hormones

A
  • Testosterone

- Estrogen (Increases growth period)

40
Q

Nutrition

A
  • Proteins, Vitamins, Omega-3 fatty acids promote hair growth
  • Soft drinks, processed foods, and sugar impedes hair growth
41
Q

Hair Thinning

A
  • After 40 folicular atrophy

- Hairs are shed faster than they are replaced

42
Q

Male pattern baldness (MPB)

A
  • Extremely shortened hair

- Inherited

43
Q

Rogaine

A

Minoxidil

44
Q

Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands

A

Two types

  • Eccrine
  • Apocrine
45
Q

Eccrine Gland

A
  • Most numerous
  • Found all over the body
  • High expression on palms, soles of feet, forehead
  • Secrete sweat:
  • 99% water
  • NaCl, Antibodies, Urea, Uric Acid, Lactic Acid
46
Q

Thermoregulation

A
  • Eccrine glands are important for this

- Regulation of body temp

47
Q

Evaporation

A

-Cooling process

48
Q

Convection

A

-Increases evaporation by movement of air

49
Q

Conduction

A

-Transfer of heat to substances in contact with the body

50
Q

Apocrine (Sweat) Gland

A

-Found in axillary regions and anogenital areas
-Larger than eccrine glands and found deeper in dermis or hypodermis
-Secrete sweat into a hair follicle
-Begins functions at puberty
Activated by estrogen and testosterone

51
Q

Difference between Apocrine glands and eccrine glands

A
  • Apocrine sweat also contains fat and proteins

- Odorless

52
Q

Sebacous Gland

A 
-Found all over the body
Except palms and soles
-Usually attached to hair follicle
-Secretes sebum (oil)
-Softens/lubricates hair and skin
-Bactericidal Properties
53
Q

Whitehead

A
  • Pore is clogged and sebum accumulates

- Pore clogged with sebum and dead skin cells

54
Q

Blackhead

A
  • Pore is clogged and sebum accumulates

- Sebum becomes oxidized

55
Q

Infection

A
  • Papules (Zits)

- Inflamed Acne

56
Q

Papules (Zits)

A

-Bacteria grows, pores become irritated

57
Q

Inflamed acne

A

-Irritation causes further inflammation and infection

58
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A
  • Located in the external ear canal

- Make earwax

59
Q

Mammary Glands

A

-Secrete milk

60
Q

Functions of the Integumentary

A
  • Protection
  • Excretion
  • Thermoregulation
  • Sensation
  • Vitamin D Synthesis
61
Q

Protection

A 
-Biological
Langerhans Cells
-Physical
Waterproofing glycolipids in the epidermis
Melanin protects from UV layers
-Chemical
Acid Mantle (low pH)
Sebum-Bactericidal
62
Q

Excretion

A
  • Water loss through sweat

- Waste (Urea, Uric Acid, Lactic acid) loss also through sweat

63
Q

Thermoregulation

A

-Evaporation of sweat from the skin dissipates heat, cooling the body
-Insensible perspiration (500mL/day)
-Sensible perspiration
Occurs when body temp rises. Up to 12L/day
Prevents overheating

64
Q

Sensation

A
  • Meissner Corpuscle (light pressure)
  • Pacinian Corpuscle (Deep pressure)
  • Free Nerve Endings (pain, temperature)
65
Q

Vitamin D Synthesis

A
  • Vitamin D increases calcium absorption in intestines

- Increases bone mineralization

A&P 1 (14 decks)

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