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A&P 1 > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical gated channel

A

Neurotransmitters bind to receptor which opens channel and allows Na+ in.

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2
Q

Voltage gated channel

A

channels open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential

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3
Q

depolarization

A

membrane potential moved toward 0 mV, inside becomes less negative/more positive. On chart it slightly increases. Na+ flowing into cell. Increases the probability of producing nerve impulses

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4
Q

hyperpolarization

A

membrane potential increases, inside becomes more negative. On chart, it slightly decreases. Decreases the probability of producing nerve impulses. K+ leaving the cell

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5
Q

repolarization

A

Occurs when K+ flows out of the cell

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6
Q

action potential order

A

Resting state Depolarization Repolarization Hyperpolarization

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7
Q

Resting state

A

no ions move through voltage gated channels

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8
Q

absolute refractory period

A

The period from opening of the Na+ channels until the Na+ channel begin to reset to their original resting state

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9
Q

relative refractory period

A

: Interval where most Na+ channels have returned to their resting state, some K+ channels are open and repolarization occurs

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10
Q

saltatory conduction

A

When action potentials are only triggered at the gaps

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11
Q

synapse

A

a junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to the next or from a neuron to an effector cell

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12
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messenger released by neurons that may stimulate or inhibit those neurons or effector cells. Must bind to receptors of neurons or effector cells

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13
Q

EPSPs

A
  • Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential

- local graded depolarization event

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14
Q

IPSPs

A
  • Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials

- Hyperpolarizing changes in action potential

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15
Q

temporal summation

A

2 excitatory stimuli close in time cause EPSPs that add together

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16
Q

spatial summation

A

2 simultaneous stimuli at different locations cause EPSPs that add together

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17
Q

cerebral cortex lateralization

A

Each hemisphere of the brain having a specific ability that it doesn’t share with the other hemisphere

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18
Q

cerebral cortex dominance

A

left side is dominant for language and right side is musical and artistic

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19
Q

cerebral white matter

A

Consists mostly of myelinated fibers bundled into large tracts. Provides for communication between cerebral areas and lower CNS centers

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20
Q

basal nuclei

A

Specific gray matter areas located deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres

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21
Q

thalamus

A

A mass of gray matter in the diencephalon. This is the relay station for information coming into the cerebral cortex. Information is sorted out and “edited.” Impulses from all senses and all parts of the body converge on the thalamus

22
Q

hypothalamus

A

Main visceral control center of the body, vitally important to overall body homeostasis. Controls ANS, initiates physical responses to emotions, regulates body temp, regulates food intake, regulates water balance and thirst, regulates sleep-wake cycles, controls endocrine system function

23
Q

epithalamus

A

Secretes melatonin, regulates sleep-wake cycle

24
Q

midbrain

A

located between diencephalon and pons

25
Q

pons

A

Bulging brain stem region between midbrain and medulla oblongata. Composed of motor and sensory conduction tracts.

26
Q

medulla oblongota

A

Form 4th ventricle with pons. Also composed of fiber tracts

27
Q

anterior root

A

motor root

28
Q

posterior root

A

sensory root

29
Q

ascending columns

A
  • tracts bringing info to the higher centers

- Dorsal white column, posterior spinocerebellar tract and anterior/lateral spinothalamic tract

30
Q

descending columns

A

Tracts bringing info to the cord from the brain or within the cord to lower levels
Tectospinal tract, vestibulospinal tract, medial reticulospinal tract

31
Q

monosynaptic reflexes

A

a single synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron

32
Q

polysynaptic reflex

A

multiple synapses with chains of interneurons

33
Q

stretch reflex

A

Makes sure that the muscle stays at that length (patellar or knee jerk reflex)

34
Q

flexor reflex

A

Causes automatic withdrawal of the threatened body part of the stimulus. Happens when you hurt yourself

35
Q

crossed extensor reflex

A

This is accompanied by the flexor reflex in weight bearing limbs. Like when you step on glass bare foot

36
Q

contralateral

A

opposite

37
Q

ipsilateral

A

situated on the same side

38
Q

CSF Flow

A
  • lateral ventricle
  • interventricular foramen
  • third ventricle
  • cerebral aqueduct
  • fourth ventricle
  • central canal
  • arachnoid villus
39
Q

ANS

A

: consists of visceral motor nerve fibers that regulate activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands (involuntary nervous system)

40
Q

SNS

A

Composed of somatic motor nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles (voluntary nervous system)

41
Q

preganglionic neurons

A

reside in brain or spinal cord

42
Q

postganglionic neurons

A

reside in an autonomic ganglion outside the CNS

43
Q

Neurotransmitter sympathetic

A

norepinehrine (NE)

44
Q

Fight or flight

A

sympathetic

45
Q

effects of sympathetic on body

A

Help us when we are in an emergency or threatening situation. Heart rate increases, deep breathing, dry mouth

46
Q

rest and digest

A

parasympathetic

47
Q

neurotransmitter for parasympathetic

A

ACh

48
Q

effects in body of parasympathetic

A

conserves and stores energy

maintenance function

49
Q

antagonistic action

A

seen on the activity of the heart, respiratory system, and gastrointestinal system. Example: heart rate increases during fight or flight, then decreases after emergency

50
Q

cooperative action

A

example: PS dilates blood vessels and produces erection of male penis then the S causes ejaculation of semen

A&P 1 (14 decks)

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