Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 1 > Exam 3 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 3 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

List the functions of the skeletal system.

A 
Support
Protection
Movement 
Storage
Hematopoiesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Support

A

Provide a framework for the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Protection

A

Protects internal organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Movement

A

Skeletal muscles attach to bones to move body parts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Storage

A

Calcium(98%), Fat (Triglycerides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

production of blood cells (RBCs and WBCs) by hematopoietic stem cells (hematocytoblasts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are bones classified

A 
Long bones (Humerus)
Short bones (Carpal bones)
Flat bones (Sternum)
Irregular bones (Vertebra)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is bone matrix comprised of?

A

67% Hydroxyapaties
-Calcium Phosphate
-Calcium Carbonate
33% Collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name the 4 bone cells

A

Osteogenic
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Mitotically active

Stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Osteoblast

A

Bone forming cells
Secrete bone matrix
Collagen and Osteoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Osteoclast

A

Giant multinucleate cell derived from stem cells in bone matrix
Degrade bone matrix
Ruffled border
Increase surface area for degrading bone matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Osteocytes

A

Reside in lacuna
Monitor their environment
Maintain bone matrix by regulating osteoblasts and osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Compact Bone

A

Outer parts of bone, strengthens it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Inner parts of bones

Allows for nerve and vessels to run through the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Epiphysis

A

Ends of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Former growth plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Cartilage at ends of bone

  • Made of hyaline
  • No nerves
  • Enables bones to glide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

Fat Storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

Production of red blood cells

Contains hematopoietic stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Stem cells can differentiate into…

A

WBC
RBC
Platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Parts of Osteon

A

Central Canal
Lamella
Lacuna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Central Canal

A

Blood vessels

Nerve fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Lamella

A

Rings around central canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Lacuna

A

Where the osteocytes sit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Steps of intramembranous ossification

A

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts
Osteoids calcify- forming the bone matrix
Trabeculae and periosteum form
Trabeculae deep to periostium are replaced by compact bone- forming compact bone plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts

A

Osteoblasts start laying down matrix (collagen, osteoid) form ossification centers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Osteoids calcify- forming the bone matrix

A

Trapped osteoblasts turn into osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Trabeculae and periosteum form

A

Osteoid is laid down between embryonic blood vessels forming trabeculae
Vascularized mesenchyme condenses and becomes the periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Trabeculae deep to periosteum are replaced by compact bone-forming compact bone plates

A

Spongy bone (diploe) persists inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

List the steps of endochondral ossification

A

Bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model
Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities
The periosteal bud invades internal cavities and spongy bone forms
The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphysis
The epiphysis ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Events in longitudinal bone growth

A 
Resting (quiescent) zone
Growth (proliferation) zone
Hypertrophic zone
Calcification zone
Ossification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Resting (quiescent) zone

A

Resting chondrocytes

35
Q

Growth (proliferation) zone

A

Chondrocytes undergo mitosis

36
Q

Hypertrophic zone

A

Chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy (Get bigger)

Secrete extracellular matrix

37
Q

Calcification zone

A

Matrix becomes calcified

Chondrocytes die

38
Q

Ossification

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts invade from medullary cavity

Osteoblasts deposit osteoid on cartilage fragments forming spongy bone

39
Q

Bone Closure in males vs. females

A

Males: 21 years
Females: 18 years

40
Q

What is appositional bone growth?

A

Widening of bones
Outer bone diameter widens
Medullary cavity also widens bone doesn’t get heavier

41
Q

Name and describe the effects of hormones (before and after puberty) on bone development.

A 
Childhood
-Growth hormone,LiverIGF-1,Thyroid Hormone
-Stimulates growth at epiphyseal plate
Puberty
-Sex hormones
42
Q
  1. Describe bone remodeling and when it occurs.
A

Spongy bone replaced every 3-4 years

Compact bone replaces ever 10 years

43
Q

PTH

A

Produced in response to low blood calcium levels
Stimulates osteoclasts to breakdown bone and release calcium into blood
Increases renal absorption of calcium from urine

44
Q

Calcitonin (Thyroid)

A

Produced in response to high blood calcium levels

Stimulates osteoblast activity and inhibits osteoclast activity to move calcium from blood into bones

45
Q

Calcitrol

A

Hormone stimulating absorption of calcium in small intestine

46
Q

What is Wolff’s Law?

A

Bone grows or remodels in response to the mechanical stresses placed on it

47
Q

Give some examples of Wolff’s law in action.

A

Bone spurs from walking

Added bone matrix from vigorous exercise

48
Q

Normal Bone Repair

A

Hematoma forms
Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
Bony callus forms
Bone remodeling occurs

49
Q

What are some ways in which technology can be used to encourage bone growth?

A

Electric stimulation

Bone Grafts

50
Q

Bone Grafts

A

Autograft (Self)
Allograft (cadaver)
Artificial (biodegradable ceramic)

51
Q

What are the ways in which joints can be characterized in terms of their function?

A

Synarthroses-immovable joints
Amphiarthroses-slightly movable joints
Diarthroses-freely movable joints

52
Q

Describe a fibrous joint.

A

Joints joined by dense fibrous connective tissue; no joint cavity; no fluid; mostly synarthrotic

53
Q

3 examples of fibrous joints

A

Suture
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses

54
Q

Suture

A

“seam” of fibrous connective tissue between bone

-Between skull bones, allow skull to expand as brain grows

55
Q

Syndesmoses

A

Syndesmoses-bones connected by ligaments

  • Tibia/fibula
  • Ulna/Radius
56
Q

Gomphoses

A

peg in socket fibrous joint

-Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket

57
Q

Describe a cartilaginous joint.

A

Articulating bones united by cartilage; no joint cavity; most are synarthroses

58
Q

Describe 2 types of cartilaginous joint.

A

Syndochondroses-bones united by hyaline cartilage
-Joint between first rib and sternum
Symphyses-bones united by fibrocartilage
-Pubic Symphysis

59
Q

Synovial Joint

A

Articulating bones separated by fluid filled joint cavity
Diarthrotic
Most limb joints

60
Q

Parts of Synovial

A

Articular Cartilage
Articular Capsule
Synovial Fluid
Reinforcing ligaments

61
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage covering opposing bone surfaces
Absorb compressive forces
Allows bones to glide over one another

62
Q

Articular Capsule

A 
Double layered capsule enclosing the joint cavity
-Fibrous Layer (Outer layer)
a.Continuous with periosteum
b.Dense irregular cartilage
-Synovial Membrane (inner layer)
a.Makes synovial fluid
Specialized blood filtrate
Contains Hyaluronic acid
63
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

Lubricates joints
Reduces friction between cartilages
Provides nourishment to cartilage
Contains hyaluronic acid

64
Q

Reinforcing ligaments

A

Capsular-thickened parts of the fibrous layer
Extracapsular-found outside the fibrous layer
Intracapsular-found deep to the fibrous layer

65
Q

Angular Movements

A

Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension

66
Q

Rotational Movements

A

Lateral Rotation

Medial Rotation

67
Q

Planar Movement

A

Flexion of foot

Extension of foot

68
Q

Abduction

A

Moving away from body

69
Q

Adduction

A

Moving towards the body

70
Q

Circumduction

A

Rotating arm

71
Q

Lateral rotation

A

Rotation away from midline

72
Q

Medial rotation

A

Rotation towards midline

73
Q

Supination

A

Rotating palm inferior to superior

74
Q

Pronation

A

Rotating palm superior to inferior

75
Q

Elevation

A

lifting body part superiorly

76
Q

Depression

A

Moving body part inferior

77
Q

Protraction

A

moving body part anteriorly

78
Q

Retraction

A

Moving body part posteriorly

79
Q

Opposition

A

thumb touching fingers

80
Q

Elbow

A

Hinge joint
Uniaxial movement
-Flexion
-Extension

81
Q

Shoulder

A

Ball and socket joint
Multiaxial movement
Very easily dislocated

82
Q

Hip

A

Ball and socket joint

83
Q

d. Knee

A

The terrible three

  • Tibial collateral ligament (TCL)
  • Medial meniscus
  • Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

A&P 1 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions