Exam 1 study guide Flashcards
What are the levels of structural organization in the body?
- Chemical Level
- Cellular Level
- Tissue Level
- Organ Level
- Organ System Level
- Organismal Level
Dorsal Cavity
- Cranial cavity
- Vertebral cavity
Ventral Cavity
- Thoracic Cavity
- Abdominopelvic cavity
What is Anatomical position?
- Standing straight up
- Arms at side
- Palms facing forward
- Head and feet facing forward
What are the 3 planes of dissection?
- Transverse
- Sagittal
- Coronal (frontal)
Transverse Plane
-Cuts body into top and bottom
Sagittal Plane
-Cuts body into left and right
Coronal Plane
-Cuts body into front and back
5 pairs of directional terms
- Dorsal (posterior) vs ventral (anterior)
- Medial vs lateral
- Proximal vs. distal
- Superior vs inferior
- Superficial vs deep
8 necessary life functions
- Homeostasis
- Movement
- Responsiveness
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Reproduction
- Growth
What is the relationship between homeostasis and negative feedback loops?
-They both work to keep balance in the body
5 major groups of organic biomolecules
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Amino Acids
- Nucleic Acids
What makes water such an important biomolecule?
- Must abundant compound in the body
- High heat capacity
- High heat of vaporization
What are electrolytes and why are they important?
- Conduct electrical current
- Dissociate in water into positively and negatively charged ions
Fibrous Proteins
-Structural, linear, insoluble in water, stable
Ex: Collagen, Elastin, Keratin, Actin, Myosin
Globular Protein
-Spherical, soluble in water, chemically active
Ex: antibodies, hormones, enzymes
What does it mean if a protein is denatured?
- When a protein loses its shape
- Peptide bonds are intact
- Hydrogen bonds are disrupted
- Caused by heat, rise in pH
What are enzymes? How do they work?
- Globular proteins that increase the speed of chemical reactions
- Usually end in -ase
- Lower the activation energy
- Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions
Difference between DNA and RNA?
- DNA contains genetic material
- DNA provides all of the info used to make proteins
- RNA copies genetic info from DNA and uses it to make proteins
Hydrolysis
- A chemical reaction in which water is added to break a larger compound into smaller subunits
- Silicon dioxide is an example
Dehydration Synthesis
- A chemical reaction which water is removed
- Two smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule
- Maltose is an example
Plasma Membrane biomolecules
- Lipids
- Proteins
Simple diffusion vs osmosis vs facilitated diffusion
- Simple diffusion allows molecules to diffuse directly through the phospholipid bilayer
- Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
- Facilitated diffusion molecules diffuse through channels down concentration gradient
Difference between passive and active transport
- Active: Requires ATP, molecules move against concentration gradient
- Passive: Does not require ATP, molecules move down a concentration gradient
Isotonic solutions
- Usually 0.9% NaCl or 5% glucose.
- Cells strive in this solution
Hypotonic solutions
-Less concentrated
Hypertonic solutions
- More concentrated >0.9% NaCl or >5% glucose
- Cells shrivel up in this solution
Endocytosis
-Uptake of large particles or numerous particles into cells through vesicles
-Form of active transport
Ex: Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis
Exocytosis
-Moving particles out
Ex of Molecules exocytosed: hormones, neurotransmitters, mucus
Organelles found in a cell
- Mitochondria
- Cytoplasm
- Ribosomes
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Peroxisomes
- Cytoskeleton
- Nucleus
Mitochondria
- Power house of cell
- Helps with aerobic respiration
Cytoplasm
-Area between plasma membrane and nuclear membrane
Ribosomes
-Sites of Protein synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Ribosomes attached
- Ribosomes synthesize membrane proteins or proteins that are exported
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- No ribosomes
- Contains enzymes involved in lipid synthesis, steroid hormone synthesis
- Detoxify drugs
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
- In muscles
- Regulates calcium needed for muscle contraction
Golgi Apparatus
-Modifies, sorts and packages proteins made in the ER
Lysosomes
- Digest bacteria taken in by endocytosis
- Digest non functional organelles
- Digest non functional tissue
Peroxisomes
-Enzymes detoxify harmful substances
Cytoskeleton
-The cells skeleton
Nucleus
-Control center of the cell
Examples of cells having more than one or less than one nucleus
- Skeletal muscle (multinucleate)
- Red blood cells (anucleate)
Transcription
-DNA information encoded in mRNA
Translation
-mRNA decoded to assemble polypeptides (proteins)
Microfilaments
-Help with: Cell shape Cell contraction Reinforce the plasma membrane Cytokinesis
Intermediate Filaments
-Help cells resist tension
Microtubules
-Position and suspend organelles
Why are electrolytes important?
- Propagation of nerve impulses
- Contraction of muscle
- Maintain voltages across cell membranes
Examples of Active Transport
-H2O moving through a semi permeable membrane to the salt concentrated side
Carbohydrate functions
- Major source of cellular fuel
- Helps DNA and RNA structurally
Lipid functions
- Insulates and protects organs
- Energy storage
Protein functions
-Enzymes, speed up chemical reactions
Amino acid functions
- Transport and store nutrients
- Give cells their structure
Nucleic acid functions
-Translation and transcription of genetic information
Carbohydrate Structure
-Carbon ring with 1 oxygen inside the ring
Lipid structure
-Line of Carbon chain with a double bonded Oxygen on one end
Amino acid structure
-Carboxyl group, amino group, hydrogen and R Group
