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A&P 1 > Exam 1 study guide > Flashcards

Exam 1 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of structural organization in the body?

A
  • Chemical Level
  • Cellular Level
  • Tissue Level
  • Organ Level
  • Organ System Level
  • Organismal Level
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2
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A
  • Cranial cavity

- Vertebral cavity

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3
Q

Ventral Cavity

A
  • Thoracic Cavity

- Abdominopelvic cavity

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4
Q

What is Anatomical position?

A
  • Standing straight up
  • Arms at side
  • Palms facing forward
  • Head and feet facing forward
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5
Q

What are the 3 planes of dissection?

A
  • Transverse
  • Sagittal
  • Coronal (frontal)
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6
Q

Transverse Plane

A

-Cuts body into top and bottom

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7
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

-Cuts body into left and right

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8
Q

Coronal Plane

A

-Cuts body into front and back

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9
Q

5 pairs of directional terms

A
  • Dorsal (posterior) vs ventral (anterior)
  • Medial vs lateral
  • Proximal vs. distal
  • Superior vs inferior
  • Superficial vs deep
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10
Q

8 necessary life functions

A
  • Homeostasis
  • Movement
  • Responsiveness
  • Digestion
  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
  • Reproduction
  • Growth
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11
Q

What is the relationship between homeostasis and negative feedback loops?

A

-They both work to keep balance in the body

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12
Q

5 major groups of organic biomolecules

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Amino Acids
  • Nucleic Acids
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13
Q

What makes water such an important biomolecule?

A
  • Must abundant compound in the body
  • High heat capacity
  • High heat of vaporization
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14
Q

What are electrolytes and why are they important?

A
  • Conduct electrical current

- Dissociate in water into positively and negatively charged ions

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15
Q

Fibrous Proteins

A

-Structural, linear, insoluble in water, stable

Ex: Collagen, Elastin, Keratin, Actin, Myosin

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16
Q

Globular Protein

A

-Spherical, soluble in water, chemically active

Ex: antibodies, hormones, enzymes

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17
Q

What does it mean if a protein is denatured?

A
  • When a protein loses its shape
  • Peptide bonds are intact
  • Hydrogen bonds are disrupted
  • Caused by heat, rise in pH
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18
Q

What are enzymes? How do they work?

A
  • Globular proteins that increase the speed of chemical reactions
  • Usually end in -ase
  • Lower the activation energy
  • Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions
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19
Q

Difference between DNA and RNA?

A
  • DNA contains genetic material
  • DNA provides all of the info used to make proteins
  • RNA copies genetic info from DNA and uses it to make proteins
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20
Q

Hydrolysis

A
  • A chemical reaction in which water is added to break a larger compound into smaller subunits
  • Silicon dioxide is an example
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21
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A
  • A chemical reaction which water is removed
  • Two smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule
  • Maltose is an example
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22
Q

Plasma Membrane biomolecules

A
  • Lipids

- Proteins

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23
Q

Simple diffusion vs osmosis vs facilitated diffusion

A
  • Simple diffusion allows molecules to diffuse directly through the phospholipid bilayer
  • Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
  • Facilitated diffusion molecules diffuse through channels down concentration gradient
24
Q

Difference between passive and active transport

A
  • Active: Requires ATP, molecules move against concentration gradient
  • Passive: Does not require ATP, molecules move down a concentration gradient
25
Q

Isotonic solutions

A
  • Usually 0.9% NaCl or 5% glucose.

- Cells strive in this solution

26
Q

Hypotonic solutions

A

-Less concentrated

27
Q

Hypertonic solutions

A
  • More concentrated >0.9% NaCl or >5% glucose

- Cells shrivel up in this solution

28
Q

Endocytosis

A

-Uptake of large particles or numerous particles into cells through vesicles
-Form of active transport
Ex: Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis

29
Q

Exocytosis

A

-Moving particles out

Ex of Molecules exocytosed: hormones, neurotransmitters, mucus

30
Q

Organelles found in a cell

A
  • Mitochondria
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Peroxisomes
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Nucleus
31
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Power house of cell

- Helps with aerobic respiration

32
Q

Cytoplasm

A

-Area between plasma membrane and nuclear membrane

33
Q

Ribosomes

A

-Sites of Protein synthesis

34
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Ribosomes attached

- Ribosomes synthesize membrane proteins or proteins that are exported

35
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • No ribosomes
  • Contains enzymes involved in lipid synthesis, steroid hormone synthesis
  • Detoxify drugs
36
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • In muscles

- Regulates calcium needed for muscle contraction

37
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

-Modifies, sorts and packages proteins made in the ER

38
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Digest bacteria taken in by endocytosis
  • Digest non functional organelles
  • Digest non functional tissue
39
Q

Peroxisomes

A

-Enzymes detoxify harmful substances

40
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

-The cells skeleton

41
Q

Nucleus

A

-Control center of the cell

42
Q

Examples of cells having more than one or less than one nucleus

A
  • Skeletal muscle (multinucleate)

- Red blood cells (anucleate)

43
Q

Transcription

A

-DNA information encoded in mRNA

44
Q

Translation

A

-mRNA decoded to assemble polypeptides (proteins)

45
Q

Microfilaments

A 
-Help with: 
Cell shape
Cell contraction
Reinforce the plasma membrane
Cytokinesis
46
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

-Help cells resist tension

47
Q

Microtubules

A

-Position and suspend organelles

48
Q

Why are electrolytes important?

A
  • Propagation of nerve impulses
  • Contraction of muscle
  • Maintain voltages across cell membranes
49
Q

Examples of Active Transport

A

-H2O moving through a semi permeable membrane to the salt concentrated side

50
Q

Carbohydrate functions

A
  • Major source of cellular fuel

- Helps DNA and RNA structurally

51
Q

Lipid functions

A
  • Insulates and protects organs

- Energy storage

52
Q

Protein functions

A

-Enzymes, speed up chemical reactions

53
Q

Amino acid functions

A
  • Transport and store nutrients

- Give cells their structure

54
Q

Nucleic acid functions

A

-Translation and transcription of genetic information

55
Q

Carbohydrate Structure

A

-Carbon ring with 1 oxygen inside the ring

56
Q

Lipid structure

A

-Line of Carbon chain with a double bonded Oxygen on one end

57
Q

Amino acid structure

A

-Carboxyl group, amino group, hydrogen and R Group

A&P 1 (14 decks)

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