Chapter 2 Flashcards
Compound
-2 or more elements joined together
Organic Compounds
-Contain carbon
Water (H2O)
- Makes up 60%-80% of cell volume
- Inorganic
- Polar molecule
Water as a solvent
-Allows the body to transport nutrients
Properties of Water
- High heat capacity
- High heat of vaporization
Electrolytes
- Conduct electrical current
- Dissociate in water into positively and negatively charged ions
Uses of Electrolytes
- Propagation of nerve impulses
- Contraction of muscle
- Maintaining voltages across cell membranes
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars
Functions of Carbon
- Source of cellular fuel
- Structural molecules
- Attached to outside of cell membranes
Cellular Respiration
-Converts sugars and O2 into CO2, H2O and ATP
Carbon Structural Molecules
- Ribose sugar in RNA
- Deoxyribose sugar in DNA
Carbon attached to outside of cell mem.
- Cell interaction molecules
- Cell recognition structures
Lipids
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
Saturated Fatty Acids
- Single covalent bonds between Carbon atoms
- Ex: Butter
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- One or more double bonds between Carbon atoms
- Ex: Olive oil
Triglycerides
- Non-polar
- Hydrophobic
- Mostly subcutaneous and around organs
- Insulates and protects organs
- Main source of energy storage for body
Phospholipids
- Contain Phosphorus
- Found in plasma membranes
Steroids
- Structure: 3-6 C rings attached to 1-5 carbon ring
- Cholesterol
Cholesterol
- Component of cell membranes
- Precursor for steroid hormones
- Precursor for bile salts
- Precursor for Vitamin D
Steroid hormones
- Progesterone
- Testosterone
Bile salts
-Important in the breakdown of fats
Vitamin D
-Important in calcium absorption and bone health
Proteins
- Structural-form structures in cells, tissues and organs
- Functional (Enzymes)-Bring molecules together or split them apart in chemical reactions
Amino Acids
- 20 different amino acids
- 8 Essential-cannot be produced in body, must be taken in during diet
- 12 non essential-can be produced in the body
How many amino acids make a protein?
- 2 amino acids make a peptide
- 3+ amino acids make a polypeptide
- 50+ amino acids make a protein
- Most proteins are 100-10,000 amino acids
Protein structure
Proteins are arranged in secondary, then tertiary, then quaternary structures
Fibrous Proteins
- Collagen
- Elastin
- Keratin
- Actin and Myosin
Fibrous Protein Properties
- Structural
- Linear
- Insoluble in water
- Stable
Collagen
- Can withstand tension
- Found in:
- Connective tissue
- Skin
Elastin
Found in:
- Skin
- Around Arteries
- Organs that need to stretch
- Ligaments
Keratin
Found in:
- Hair
- Nails
- Skin
Actin and Myosin
-Contract to produce tension
Found in:
-Inside muscle cells
Globular Proteins
- Antibodies
- Hormones
- Enzymes
- Hemoglobin
Globular Protein Properties
- Spherical
- Soluble in water
- Chemically active
Antibodies
-Proteins produced by immune cells which recognize foreign antigens
Hormones
-Biologically active molecules secreted by endocrine glands
Enzymes
- Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells
- Usually end in -ase
- Lowers activation energy
Activation Energy
-Energy required to start a chemical reaction
Hydrolysis
- Hydro-water
- Lysis-Cut
- A chemical reaction in which water is added to break a larger compound into smaller subunits
Dehydration Synthesis
- A chemical reaction during which water is removed
- Two smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule
Nucleic Acids
- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
- RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
- Large nucleotide polymers
DNA vs RNA
DNA
-Contains our genetic material
-Provides all the info used to make proteins
RNA
-Copies genetic info from DNA and uses it to make proteins
-Actually does the work
Nucleotides
-Phosphate group
-Pentose Sugar
Ribose (RNA)
Deoxyribose (DNA)
-Nitrogenous Base
A, C, G, T and U(RNA)
DNA
-2 polynucleotide chains twisted to form double helix
-Bases bind specifically to each other
A to T
C to G
-Sugar is Deoxyribose
RNA
- Usually single stranded
- Sugar is Ribose
- No Thymine, Uracil is used
Types of RNA
- mRNA (Messenger RNA)
- tRNA (Transfer RNA)
- rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)
Messenger RNA
- Complimentary copy of DNA that serves as the code for making a protein.
- Formed during the process of transcription
Transfer RNA
- Transfer specific amino acid to polypeptide chain
- Amino acid corresponds to a specific anti codon, complementary to mRNA
Ribosomal RNA
- Componenet of the ribsome
- Helps facilitate interactions between mRNA and tRNA
ATP
- Primary energy transferring molecule in cells
- Provides energy that is immediately usable by cells in the body
Function of ATP
-Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation
-Terminal phosphates are transferrer to and energize other molecules
