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A&P 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Compound

A

-2 or more elements joined together

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2
Q

Organic Compounds

A

-Contain carbon

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3
Q

Water (H2O)

A
  • Makes up 60%-80% of cell volume
  • Inorganic
  • Polar molecule
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4
Q

Water as a solvent

A

-Allows the body to transport nutrients

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5
Q

Properties of Water

A
  • High heat capacity

- High heat of vaporization

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6
Q

Electrolytes

A
  • Conduct electrical current

- Dissociate in water into positively and negatively charged ions

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7
Q

Uses of Electrolytes

A
  • Propagation of nerve impulses
  • Contraction of muscle
  • Maintaining voltages across cell membranes
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8
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars

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9
Q

Functions of Carbon

A
  • Source of cellular fuel
  • Structural molecules
  • Attached to outside of cell membranes
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10
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

-Converts sugars and O2 into CO2, H2O and ATP

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11
Q

Carbon Structural Molecules

A
  • Ribose sugar in RNA

- Deoxyribose sugar in DNA

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12
Q

Carbon attached to outside of cell mem.

A
  • Cell interaction molecules

- Cell recognition structures

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13
Q

Lipids

A
  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
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14
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A
  • Single covalent bonds between Carbon atoms

- Ex: Butter

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15
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A
  • One or more double bonds between Carbon atoms

- Ex: Olive oil

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16
Q

Triglycerides

A
  • Non-polar
  • Hydrophobic
  • Mostly subcutaneous and around organs
  • Insulates and protects organs
  • Main source of energy storage for body
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17
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • Contain Phosphorus

- Found in plasma membranes

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18
Q

Steroids

A
  • Structure: 3-6 C rings attached to 1-5 carbon ring

- Cholesterol

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19
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • Component of cell membranes
  • Precursor for steroid hormones
  • Precursor for bile salts
  • Precursor for Vitamin D
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20
Q

Steroid hormones

A
  • Progesterone

- Testosterone

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21
Q

Bile salts

A

-Important in the breakdown of fats

22
Q

Vitamin D

A

-Important in calcium absorption and bone health

23
Q

Proteins

A
  • Structural-form structures in cells, tissues and organs

- Functional (Enzymes)-Bring molecules together or split them apart in chemical reactions

24
Q

Amino Acids

A
  • 20 different amino acids
  • 8 Essential-cannot be produced in body, must be taken in during diet
  • 12 non essential-can be produced in the body
25
Q

How many amino acids make a protein?

A
  • 2 amino acids make a peptide
  • 3+ amino acids make a polypeptide
  • 50+ amino acids make a protein
  • Most proteins are 100-10,000 amino acids
26
Q

Protein structure

A

Proteins are arranged in secondary, then tertiary, then quaternary structures

27
Q

Fibrous Proteins

A
  • Collagen
  • Elastin
  • Keratin
  • Actin and Myosin
28
Q

Fibrous Protein Properties

A
  • Structural
  • Linear
  • Insoluble in water
  • Stable
29
Q

Collagen

A
  • Can withstand tension
  • Found in:
  • Connective tissue
  • Skin
30
Q

Elastin

A

Found in:

  • Skin
  • Around Arteries
  • Organs that need to stretch
  • Ligaments
31
Q

Keratin

A

Found in:

  • Hair
  • Nails
  • Skin
32
Q

Actin and Myosin

A

-Contract to produce tension
Found in:
-Inside muscle cells

33
Q

Globular Proteins

A
  • Antibodies
  • Hormones
  • Enzymes
  • Hemoglobin
34
Q

Globular Protein Properties

A
  • Spherical
  • Soluble in water
  • Chemically active
35
Q

Antibodies

A

-Proteins produced by immune cells which recognize foreign antigens

36
Q

Hormones

A

-Biologically active molecules secreted by endocrine glands

37
Q

Enzymes

A
  • Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells
  • Usually end in -ase
  • Lowers activation energy
38
Q

Activation Energy

A

-Energy required to start a chemical reaction

39
Q

Hydrolysis

A
  • Hydro-water
  • Lysis-Cut
  • A chemical reaction in which water is added to break a larger compound into smaller subunits
40
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A
  • A chemical reaction during which water is removed

- Two smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule

41
Q

Nucleic Acids

A
  • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
  • RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
  • Large nucleotide polymers
42
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

DNA
-Contains our genetic material
-Provides all the info used to make proteins
RNA
-Copies genetic info from DNA and uses it to make proteins
-Actually does the work

43
Q

Nucleotides

A

-Phosphate group
-Pentose Sugar
Ribose (RNA)
Deoxyribose (DNA)
-Nitrogenous Base
A, C, G, T and U(RNA)

44
Q

DNA

A

-2 polynucleotide chains twisted to form double helix
-Bases bind specifically to each other
A to T
C to G
-Sugar is Deoxyribose

45
Q

RNA

A
  • Usually single stranded
  • Sugar is Ribose
  • No Thymine, Uracil is used
46
Q

Types of RNA

A
  • mRNA (Messenger RNA)
  • tRNA (Transfer RNA)
  • rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)
47
Q

Messenger RNA

A
  • Complimentary copy of DNA that serves as the code for making a protein.
  • Formed during the process of transcription
48
Q

Transfer RNA

A
  • Transfer specific amino acid to polypeptide chain

- Amino acid corresponds to a specific anti codon, complementary to mRNA

49
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A
  • Componenet of the ribsome

- Helps facilitate interactions between mRNA and tRNA

50
Q

ATP

A
  • Primary energy transferring molecule in cells

- Provides energy that is immediately usable by cells in the body

51
Q

Function of ATP

A

-Phosphorylation

52
Q

Phosphorylation

A

-Terminal phosphates are transferrer to and energize other molecules

A&P 1 (14 decks)

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