Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
Study of structure of body parts and relationships to one another
Physiology
- How it works
- How it functions
Levels of Structural Organization
- Chemical Level (Atoms)
- Cellular Level (Organelles)
- Tissue Level
- Organ Level
- Organ System Level
- Organismal Level
Anatomical Position
- Stand straight up
- Arms at side
- Palms facing forward
- Head and feet facing forward
11 Systems
- Integumentary
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Circulatory
- Lymphatic
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Urinary
- Reproductive
Superior
Cranial
Inferior
Caudal (Towards the feet)
Anterior
- “Ventral”
- Front of Body
Posterior
- “Dorsal”
- Back of Body
Medial
Closer to mid-line of body
Lateral
Farther from mid-line of body
Proximal
Closer to body trunk
Distal
Farther from body trunk
Superficial
At surface
Deep
In Dermis
Sagittal Plane
Splits body into left and right
Transverse Plane
Splits body into top and bottom
Coronal Plane
Splits body into front and back
Midsagittal
Lies on mid-line
Parasagittal
Not on mid-line
Dorsal Body Cavity
- Cranial Cavity
- Vertebral Cavity
Cranial Cavity
Contains:
-Brain
Vertebral Cavity
Contains:
-Spinal cord
Ventral Body Cavity
- Thoracic Cavity
- Abdominal Cavity
- Pelvic Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Contains:
- Heart
- Lungs
Abdominal Cavity
Contains:
-Digestive viscera
Pelvic Cavity
Contains:
- Bladder
- Reproductive Organs
- Rectum
Orbital Cavity
Contains:
-Eyes
Nasal Cavity
Contains:
-Nose
Oral Cavity
Contains:
-Mouth
Middle Ear Cavity
Contains:
-Ear
Synovial Cavity
Joint between neck and vertebrae
Fibrous capsule around joint
Right Upper Quadrant
Contains:
- Liver
- Gall Bladder
- Kidneys
- Pancreas
Left Upper Quadrant
Contains:
- Stomach
- Spleen
- Kidneys
Right Lower Quadrant
Contains:
- Bladder
- Intestines
Left Lower Quadrant
Contains:
-Intestines
8 Necessary Life Functions
- Maintaining boundaries between external/internal environments
- Movement
- Responsiveness
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Reproduction
- Growth
- Maintaining boundaries between internal/external environments (homeostasis)
Examples:
- Skin
- Cell Membrane
- Movement (contractility)
- Skeletal muscle contraction
- Of substances (cardiac and smooth muscle)
- Responsiveness
- Ability to sense and respond to stimuli
- Withdrawal reflex
- Reflex control of breathing
- Digestion
- Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs
- Absorption of simple molecules into blood
- Metabolism
-All chemical reactions that occur in body cells (Anabolism, Catabolism)
Catabolism
Break down of larger molecules into smaller molecules
Anabolism
Use of energy to construct larger molecules from smaller ones
- Excretion
- Removal of wastes form metabolism
- Urea, carbon dioxide, feces
- Reproduction
- Production of offspring
- Cellular division for growth or repair
- Growth
-Increase in size of a body part or of an organism
Feedback Control Loops
- Receptor (sensor)
- Control center
- Effector
Receptor (sensor)
- Monitors environment
- Responds to stimuli
Control Center
- Receives input from receptor
- Interprets signal, and determines appropriate response
Effector
- Receives output from control center
- Provides the means to respond
- Response either: positive or negative