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A&P 1 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Skeletal System

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Storage
  • Hematopoiesis
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2
Q

Support of Skeletal System

A

-Provides a framework for the body

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3
Q

Protection from Skeletal System

A

-Protects internal organs

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4
Q

Movement of Skeletal System

A

-Skeletal muscles attach to bones to move body parts

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5
Q

Storage of Skeletal System

A

Stores:

  • Calcium (98%)
  • Fat (Triglycerides)
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6
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

-Production of blood cells (RBCs and WBCs) by hematopoietic stem cells (hematocytoblasts)

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7
Q

Characterization of bone shape

A
  • Long bone (Humerus)
  • Short bone (Triquetral)
  • Flat bone (Sternum)
  • Irregular bone (Vertebra)
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8
Q

Composition of Bone Matrix

A

-67% hydroxyapatites
Calcium Phosphate
Calcium Carbonate
-33% Collagen

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9
Q

Hydroxyapatites

A
  • Mineral Salts
  • Inorganic
  • Resist Compression
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10
Q

Collagen

A
  • Organic

- Resist tension

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11
Q

Osteogenesis Imprefecta

A

-Caused by mutation in gene for Type I collagen

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12
Q

What cells make up bone?

A
  • Osteogenic cells —>
  • Osteoblast —>
  • Osteoclast —>
  • Osteocytes
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13
Q

Osteogenic Cell

A
  • Mitotically active

- Stem cells

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14
Q

Osteoblast

A
  • Bone forming cells
  • Secrete bone matrix
  • Collagen and Osteoid
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15
Q

Osteoid

A
  • Immature bone matrix

- Glue that will hold calcium crystals and collagen fibers

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16
Q

Osteoclast

A
  • Giant multinucleate cells derived from stem cells in bone marrow
  • Degrade bone matrix
  • Ruffled border
  • Increases surface area for degrading bone matrix
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17
Q

How do osteoclasts degrade bone matrix?

A
  • HCl degrades hydroxyapatites

- Lysosomal enzymes degrade collagen

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18
Q

Osteocytes

A
  • Reside in lacuna
  • Monitor their environment
  • Maintain bone matrix by regulating osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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19
Q

Structure of bone

A
  • Spongy bone
  • Compact bone
  • Articular cartilage
20
Q

Trabeculae

A

-Network of supporting “beams” present in spongy bone

21
Q

Long Bone Anatomy

A
  • Diaphysis
  • Epiphysis
  • Periosteum
  • Endosteum
22
Q

Diaphysis

A

-Shaft
-Compact bone-dense
-Medullary cavity
Yellow marrow-adipose
Red Marrow-hematopoiesis

23
Q

Epiphysis

A
  • Ends of bone
  • Compact bone-outer layer
  • Spongy bone-porous
  • Epiphyseal line
  • Articular cartilage
24
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

-Former growth plate

25
Q

Articular Cartilage

A
  • Cartilage at ends of bones
  • Made of hyaline
  • No nerves
  • Smooth
  • Enables bones to glide
26
Q

Periosteum

A

-Fibrous tissue coating outer surface of bones

27
Q

Outer Layer Composition of Periosteum

A
  • Dense Irregular tissue
  • Surface for muscle attachment
  • Vascular
28
Q

Inner Layer Composition of Periosteum

A

-Contains osteogenic cells

29
Q

Sharpey’s fibers

A
  • Collagen fibers

- Attach periosteum to bone

30
Q

Endosteum

A
  • Lines medullary cavity

- Contains Osteogenic cells

31
Q

Types of Bone Marrow

A
  • Yellow Bone Marrow

- Red Bone Marrow

32
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

-Fat Storage

33
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

-Site of production for blood cells
-Contains hematopoietic stem cells
-These cells have the potential to differentiate into:
WBCs
RBCs
Platelets

34
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

-The process by which hematopoietic stem cells self-renew and differentiate to form RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

35
Q

Where is hematopoietic tissue located in newborns?

A

-Medullary cavity of long bones and all areas of spongy bone that contains red marrow

36
Q

Where is hematopoeitic tissue located in adults?

A

-Most red marrow is replaced with yellow marrow except in:
head of femur
head of humerus
Diploe of flat bones (Sternum, coxal bones)

37
Q

Osteons

A

-Unit of compact bone
-Contains:
Central Canal
Lamella
Lacuna

38
Q

Central Canal of Osteons

A
  • Blood Vessels

- Nerve fibers

39
Q

Lamella of Osteons

A

-Rings around central canal

40
Q

Lacuna

A

-Where the osteocytes sit

41
Q

How is bone made?

A
  • Intramembranous Ossification

- Endochondrial Ossification

42
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A
  • Differentiation of bone from mesenchymal stem cells found in fibrous connective tissue
  • Process by which cranial bones and clavicles are formed
  • Begins at 8 weeks of development-fibrous connective tissue starts to ossify
43
Q

Endochondrial Ossification

A

-Process by which cartilage is turned into bone

44
Q

Intramembranous ossification step 1

A
  • Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts

- Osteoblasts start laying down matrix (collagen, osteoid) to form ossification centers

45
Q

Intramembranous Ossification step 2

A
  • Osteoids calcify forming the bone matrix

- Trapped osteoblasts turn into osteocytes

46
Q

Intramembranous Ossification step 3

A
  • Trabeculae and periosteum form
  • Osteoid is laid down between embryonic blood vessels forming trabeculae
  • Vasculized mesenchyme condenses and becomes the periosteum
47
Q

Intramembranous Ossification step 4

A
  • Trabeculae deep to periosteum are replaced by compact bone-forming compact bone plates
  • Spongey bone (diploe) persists inside

A&P 1 (14 decks)

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