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A&P 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

-Covers and lines surfaces

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2
Q

Epithelial Tissue Characteristics

A

-Highly cellular
-Polar
Has an apical and basal surface
-Basement membrane
-Avascular
No blood vessels
-Regenerative
-Specialized contacts

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3
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A
  • Single layer of flat cells

- Areas of high filtration and diffusion

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4
Q

Simple Squamous location

A
  • Alveolar air sacs of lungs

- Kidney Glomerulus

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5
Q

Special types of simple squamous epithelial

A
  • Endothelium

- Mesothelium

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6
Q

Endothelium

A
  • Lines entire circulatory system (blood vessels and heart)

- Lymphatic vessels

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7
Q

Mesothelium

A

-Lines serous membranes

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8
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

-Secretion and absorption

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9
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium location

A
  • Kidney tubules

- Glands

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10
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

-Secretion and absorption

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11
Q

Simple columnar epithelium location

A
  • Digestive tract
  • Stomach
  • Intestines
  • Glands
  • Uterine tubes
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12
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A
  • Single layer of cells, nuclei at various heights

- Secretion

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13
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium location

A
  • Trachea
  • Glands
  • Sperm carrying ducts
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14
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • Protection
  • Found in areas exposed to a lot of friction
  • Upper layer replaced by rapidly dividing cells in basal layer
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15
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium locations

A
  • Skin
  • Mouth
  • Esophagus
  • Vagina
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16
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A
  • Rare
  • Found in some sweat and mammary glands
  • Typically two cell layers thick
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17
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A
  • Rare
  • Some parts of Pharynx
  • Male urethra
  • Lining some glandular ducts
  • Only apical layer columnar
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18
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A
  • Bladder
  • Ureters
  • Urethra
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19
Q

Glandular epithelia

A
  • Glands
  • Secretions
  • Endocrine/Exocrine
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20
Q

Glands

A

-One or more cells that secrete a product

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21
Q

Secretions

A

-Water based fluids containing proteins (hormones) and lipids (steroids)

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22
Q

Endocrine glands

A

-Ductless
-Secrete products into extracellular space by exocytosis
Examples:
-Pituitary Gland
-Thyroid Gland
-Adrenal Gland

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23
Q

Exocrine glands

A
  • Have ducts
  • Secrete products onto body surfaces or into body cavities
  • Mucus, sweat, oil, saliva, bile (liver), digestive enzymes (pancreas)
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24
Q

Unicellular Exocrine glands

A

-Single cell
-Ductless
Found in:
-Intestines
-Trachea

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25
Q

Secretion methods

A
  • Merocrine glands

- Holocrine glands

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26
Q

Merocrine glands

A

-Most common form of secretion
-Cells release contents by exocytosis
Ex:
-Sweat glands
-Goblet cells

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27
Q

Holocrine glands

A

-Cells release secretions by rupturing
-Cells are killed during secretion process
Ex:
-Sebacious (oil) gland

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28
Q

Connective Tissue Functions

A
  • Connects tissues
  • Supports other tissues
  • Energy storage
  • Transport
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29
Q

Connective tissue characteristics

A
  • Degrees of vascularity

- Lots of extracellular matrix

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30
Q

Connective tissues vascularity

A
  • Cartilage: Avascular

- Adipose: Highly vascular

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31
Q

Connective tissue extracellular matrix

A
  • A lot of extracellular matrix is true for cartilage, bone, tendons, ligaments, areolar tissue, blood, reticular
  • Exception: Adipose tissue, not much EM
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32
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A
  • Collagen
  • Elastin
  • Reticular Fibers
  • Ground substance
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33
Q

Collagen

A
  • Tough thick fibers

- Can withstand tension

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34
Q

Elastin

A
  • Thin fibers

- Stretch and recoil

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35
Q

Reticular Fibers

A
  • Very fine collagen fibers

- Form a branched network to support tissue

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36
Q

Ground Substance

A
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Proteoglycans
  • Proteins
  • Polysaccharides
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37
Q

Proteoglycan

A 
-Very negatively charged
Attracts water and ions into extracellular space
-Keeps tissues hydrated
-Helps lubricate fibers
-Helps withstand compression
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38
Q

Connective tissue cell types

A
  • “-blast” cells make ECM and ground substance
  • Fibroblast
  • Chondroblast
  • Osteoblast
  • Hemotopoetic stem cell (hematocytoblast
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39
Q

Fibroblast

A

-Makes collagen fibers

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40
Q

Chondroblast

A

-Makes cartilage

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41
Q

Osteoblast

A

-Makes bone

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42
Q

Hematopoetic stem cell (hematocytoblast)

A

-Makes blood cells, not ECM

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43
Q

Blood Borne Cells

A
  • White blood cells
  • Macrophages
  • Mast cells
  • Histamine
44
Q

White Blood Cells

A

-Help with tissue response to injury or infection

45
Q

Macrophages

A

-“Eat” foreign particles (bacteria, tissue debris) by phagocytosis

46
Q

Mast Cells

A

-Release substances from granules

47
Q

Histamine

A

-Makes capillaries leaky

48
Q

Areolar Connective Tissue

A
  • Loose connective
  • Loosely packed ECM fibers (all kinds)
  • Lots of ground substance
  • Blood borne cells
49
Q

Areolar Connective Tissue Location and Function

A
  • Found under layers of epithelium
  • Wraps and cushions tissues
  • Vascular
  • Defense against infection
50
Q

Adipose Connective Tissue

A
  • Loose connective
  • Highly cellular
  • Sparse ECM
  • Highly vascular
51
Q

Adipose Connective Tissue Location

A
  • Subcutaneous
  • Around organs
  • Behind eyeballs
  • Breast
  • Abdomen
52
Q

Adipose Connective Tissue Function

A
  • Shock absorber
  • Insulator
  • Energy storage
53
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue

A
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Only reticular ECM fibers
  • Many white blood cells
54
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue Locations

A
  • Spleen
  • Lymph nodes
  • Bone marrow
55
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue Functions

A

-Provides a supportive framework for blood cells

56
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

-Dense connective tissue
-Mostly parallel collagen fiber bundles
Resists tension (pulling)
-Fibroblasts
-Avascular

57
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue Locations

A 
-Tendons
Muscle to bone
-Ligaments
Bone to bone
-Aponeuroses
Muscle to muscle
58
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue Functions

A
  • Connects bones and muscles

- Resists tension (stretching)

59
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A
  • Dense connective tissue
  • Irregularly arranged collagen fiber bundles
  • Can withstand tension in multiple directions
  • Fibroblasts
60
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Location

A

-Dermis of skin
-Periosteum
Fibrous coverings of bones

61
Q

Elastic Connective Tissue

A

-Many elastic fibers

Allows tissue to recoil after stretching

62
Q

Elastic Connective Tissue Location

A
  • Artery Walls

- Vocal Cords

63
Q

Cartilage

A
  • Flexible yet tough
  • Must withstand tension and compression
  • Avascular
  • No nervous system innervation
64
Q

Hyaline Cartilage Locations

A
  • Most abundant type of cartilage
  • Embryonic skeleton
  • Articular cartilage (ends of bones)
  • Costal cartilage
  • Nose
  • Trachea and Brachial tubes
65
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

-Dense collagen extracellular matrix
-Chondrocytes
Make matrix

66
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

-ECM contains more elastic fibers
-Chondrocytes
Make matrix

67
Q

Elastice Cartilage Locations

A
  • More flexible than hyaline
  • Ear
  • Epiglottis
68
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • Fibrous collagen ECM
  • Chondrocytes
  • Able to withstand heavy pressure
69
Q

Fibrocartilage Locations

A
  • Intervertebral discs
  • Meniscus (Knee)
  • Pubic symphysis
70
Q

Osseous Tissue

A
  • Hard ECM made of collagen and calcium salts
  • Osteoblasts make matrix
  • Vascular and nervous innervation
71
Q

Blood

A 
-Most fluid ECM
Plasma
Proteins
-Red blood cells
-White blood cells
72
Q

Blood function

A

-Transport

73
Q

Epithelial Membranes

A

-Epithelium bound to connective tissue

74
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A
  • Dry membranes exposed to air

- Stratified squamous+dense irregular

75
Q

Mucus Membranes

A
  • Line cavities open to the exterior environment
  • Moist
  • Respiratory system, GI tract, Urinary system, eyes
76
Q

Serous Membranes

A
  • Line cavities closed to the exterior environment
  • Ventral body cavity
  • Dorsal body cavity
  • Mesothelium + Areolar tissue
77
Q

Mesothelium

A
  • A special simple squamous epithelium

- Secretes serous fluid

78
Q

What are the Serous Membranes?

A
  • Parietal Membrane

- Visceral Membrane

79
Q

Parietal Membrane

A
  • Lines the entire cavity

- Secrete fluid

80
Q

Visceral Membrane

A
  • Inner membrane

- Wraps around organ

81
Q

Special Serous Membranes

A
  • Pleural Membrane
  • Pericardium
  • Peritoneal Membrane
82
Q

Pleural Membrane

A

-Lines the pleural cavity (encasing lungs)

83
Q

Pericardium

A

-Lines the pericardial cavity (encasing the heart)

84
Q

Peritoneal Membrane

A

-Encases the abdominal cavity

85
Q

Characteristics of Muscles

A
  • Highly cellular
  • Vascular
  • Elongated cells (fibers)
  • Contracts
86
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

-Attached to bones
-Pull on bones to cause body movements
-Voluntary
Except diaphragm

87
Q

Skeletal Muscle cells

A
  • Long cylindrical cells
  • Multinucleated
  • Striated (striped) appearance
88
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • Heart muscle
  • Propels blood through blood vessels to provide oxygen and nutrients to organs
  • Involuntary
89
Q

Cardiac muscle cell

A
  • Striations
  • Branched arrangement of myocytes
  • Uninuclate
  • Intercalated discs
90
Q

Intercalated discs

A

-Special junctions between cardiac myocytes that contain gap junctions

91
Q

Smooth muscle

A

-Found in hollow organs
GI tract, blood vessels, uterus
-Propels substances through by contracting
-Involuntary

92
Q

Smooth muscle cells

A
  • No striations

- Cigar shaped myocytes

93
Q

Nervous Tissue

A
  • Main component of brain, spinal cord, and nerves

- Transmit electrical impulses

94
Q

Nervous Tissue Cells

A
  • Neurons

- Neuroglia

95
Q

Neurons

A
  • Generate and conduct nerve impulses

- No mitosis

96
Q

Neuroglia

A
  • Supporting cells insulate and protect neurons

- Mitosis

97
Q

How do tissues repair themselves?

A
  • Regeneration

- Fibrosis

98
Q

Regeneration

A
  • Destroyed tissue is replaced by the same kind of tissue

- Occurs in epidermis

99
Q

Fibrosis

A
  • Destroyed tissue is replaced by fibrous connective tissue
  • Scars
  • Occurs in dermis
100
Q

Step 2 of tissue repair

A

-Clot is replaced by granulation tissues which contains
Capillaries
Macrophages
Fibroblasts

101
Q

Step 1 of tissue repair

A

-Blood vessels are injured
-Local blood vessels become leaky
Allow WBC and clotting proteins to enter site of injury
-A clot is formed

102
Q

Highly Regenerative Tissues

A
  • Epithelial tissue

- Bone

103
Q

Poorly Regenerative Tissues

A

-Skeletal muscle
fibroblasts create scar tissue
satellite cells give rise to new muscle
-Cartilage

104
Q

No Regenerative Capacity Tissues

A
  • Cardiac Muscle

- Nervous System

105
Q

What are adhesions?

A
  • Bands of scar tissue that form between organs causing them to stick together
  • Usually occur following abdominal surgery

A&P 1 (14 decks)

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