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A&P 2 > Final Memorize > Flashcards

Final Memorize Flashcards

1
Q

lipid soluble hormones 3

A

steroids
thyroid
nitric oxide - hormone and neurotransmitter, vasodilation

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2
Q

water soluble hormones – 3

A

amines - epinephrine, NE, dopamine, histamine, serotonin, melatonin - fight or flight
peptide/proteins - peptide 3-49 amino acids, proteins 50-200 - carries lipid soluble in blood
eicosanoids - prostaglandins (vasodilation), leukotriens (vasoconstriction)

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3
Q

pituitary secretes 5 classes

A

somatotrophs - growth hormone, most plentiful
thyrotrophs - TSH
gonadotrophs - FSH and luteinizing hormone
lactotrophs - prolactin (PRL)
corticotrophs – ACTH

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4
Q

Adrenal Cortex zones 3

A

Outside to inside
Zona glomerulosa - secretes mineralocorticoids - aldosterone
Zona fasciculata - secretes glucocorticoids - cortisone
Zona reticularis - secretes androgens - DHEA

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5
Q

Pancreas – 2 cell types, secrete what

A

Alpha cells secrete glucagon, 17%

Beta cells secrete insulin 70%

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6
Q

produced in salivary gland
stimulates proliferation of epithelial cells, fibroblasts, neurons, astrocytes
suppresses some cancer cells & secretion of gastric juices by stomach

A

Epidermal Growth Factors

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7
Q

Produced in blood platelets
stimulates proliferation of neuroglia, smooth muscle fibers, fibroblasts
appears to have a role in wound healing
may contribute to atherosclerosis development

A

Platelet Derived Growth Factor

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8
Q

Found in pituitary and brain
stimulates proliferation of many cells derived from embryonic mesoderm - fibroblasts, adrenocortical, smooth muscle, endothelial
stimulates formation of new blood vessels – angiogenesis

A

Fibroblast Growth Factor

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9
Q

Produced in submandibular (salivary) glands and hippocampus
stimulates growth of ganglia in embryo
maintains sympathetic nervous system
stimulates hypertrophy and differentiation of neurons

A

Nerve Growth Factor

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10
Q

Produced by normal and tumor cells

stimulate growth of new capillaries, organ regeneration, wound healing

A

Tumor Angiogenesis Factor

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11
Q

Produced by various cells as separate molecules
TGF-alpha has activities similar to EGF
TGF-beta inhibits proliferation of many cell types

A

Transforming Growth Factor

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12
Q

RBC breaks down into – 6

A

iron - transferred to marrow by transferrin
Biliverdin - green
Bilirubin - yellow, released into sm. intestines
Urobilinogen - breakdown of bilirubin in lg. intestines
urobilin - breakdown of urobilinogen, secreted in urine
Stercobilin - breakdown of urobilinogen, excreted in feces

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13
Q

Anemia requires 3

A

Lowered RBC, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit

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14
Q

normal amounts of WBC in blood 5

A 
60% Neutrophils
30% Lymphocytes
6% Monocytes
3% Eosinophils
0% Basophils
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15
Q

Why is Neutrophil High Low

A

High: Bacterial Infection, burns, stress, inflammation
Low: Vitamin B12 deficiency, radiation, lupus, erythematosus

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16
Q

Why is Lymphocyte High Low

A

High: Viral Infection, some leukemias
Low: Prolonged illness, immunosuppression, treatment with cortisol

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17
Q

Why is Monocyte High Low

A

High: Viral/Fungal infection, TB, chronic infections, leukemia
Low: Bone Marrow Suppression, treatment with cortisol

18
Q

Why is Eosinophil High Low

A

High: Parasitic Infection, allergic reaction, autoimmune disease
Low: Drug Toxicity, stress

19
Q

Why is Basophil High Low

A

High: Allergic reaction, leukemia, cancer, hypothyroidism
Low: Pregnancy, ovulation, stress, hyperthyroidism

20
Q

Why is Platelet Count High Low

A

High: Excessive Alcohol intake, acute infection, low B12 or folate, absence of spleen, iron deficiency anemia, inflammatory conditions, cancer
Low: Large spleen, pregnant, ITP

21
Q

Blood Clotting - 2 pathways, element they produce, 4 factors

A

2 pathways - extrinsic (tissue trauma), intrinsic (blood trauma)
1972 - clotting factors II, VII, IX, X require vitamin K. Warfarin also makes them not clot.
Extrinsic and Intrinsic both produce Prothrombinase enzyme

22
Q

Blood Clotting - pathways to what they produce to work with platelets, and what breaks it down

A

Prothrombinase catalyses prothrombin +Ca2 -> thrombin -> fibrinogen +Ca2 -> loose fibrin -> stabilized fibrin
plasmin breaks down clot, stabilized fibrin, loose fibrin, fibrinogen

23
Q

Coronary Arteries – 6

A

Right Coronary Artery Aorta to right atrium, divides into posterior interventricular and marginal branches
Posterior interventricular follows posterior interventricular sulcus, supplies ventricles
Marginal runs along right margin, supplies right ventricle
Left Coronary Artery to anterior interventricular and circumflex
Anterior interventricular supplies both ventricles
Circumflex in coronary sulcus supplies left ventricle, left atrium

24
Q

conduction system - 5 + rate

A

SA beats 100 per minute
AP goes down interatrial septum to AV node
Delay at AV node to allow blood to move to ventricle
AP to AV bundle (bundle of his), splits to left and right bundles, to apex
Purkinje fibers carry AP out to rest of ventricles

25
Q

Positive contractility factors – 5

A 
Sympathetic
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Increased ISF Ca
Digitalis
26
Q

Negative Contractility factors – 5

A 
Inhibition of Sympathetic stimulation ANS
Acidosis
Anoxia
Increased ISF K
Calcium channel blockers
27
Q

Minerals – 7

A

Calcium & phosphorus - bones, teeth
Magnesium - ADP to ATP
Sodium & potassium - action potentials
Iron - hemoglobin, Electron Transport Chain
Chromium – insulin

28
Q

Too low Na, K, Ca

A

Hyponatremia - Na, Muscular weakness, dizzy, headache, hypotension, tachycardia, shock, mental confusion, stupor, coma
Hypokalemia - muscle fatigue, flaccid paralysis, mental confusion, increased urine output, shallow respiration, flattening of T wave on EKG
Hypocalcemia - numbness and tingling fingers, hyperactive reflexes, muscle cramps, tetany and convulsions, bone fractures

29
Q

Too high Na, K, Ca

A

Hypernatremia - Na, intense thirst, hypertension, edema, agitations
Hyperkalemia - Irritability, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness
Hypercalcemia - lethargy, weakness, anorexia, nausea, polyuria, itching, bone pain, depression

30
Q

Female-Male Homologous Structures – 6

A

Ovaries-testes, labia majora-scrotum,
Labia minora-spongy urethra, vestibule-intermediate urethra,
Bulb of vestibule-corpus spongiosum penis,
Glans Clitoris-glans penis

31
Q

Stages after zygote - 2 + 2

A

Zygote mitotically divides - cleavage
Day 4 - morula - solid sphere of cells
Day 5 - hollow blastocyst
- Embryoblast - internal, develops into embryo
- Trophoblast - outer, develops into placenta

32
Q

Trophoblast - 2 sublayers

A

Syncytiotrophoblast - becomes placenta

Cytotrophoblast - implantation, new cellular layers

33
Q

Gastrulation – 5

A 
Bilayer embryonic disc - hypoblast, epiblast, 8 days from fertilization
Bilaminar moves to trilaminar 15 days
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
34
Q

Endoderm – 7

A

Gstrointestinal tract
pharynx, tonsils
trachea, bronchi, lungs
gametes

35
Q

Mesoderm – 6

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Cartilage, bone, connective tissue
Dermis of skin

36
Q

Ectoderm – 3

A

Nervous tissue
Epidermis of skin
Neuroepithelium of sense organs

37
Q

Pharyngeal Arch I – 3

A

Mandibular - mandible, maxilla, trigeminal nerve (v2 and v3)

38
Q

Pharyngeal Arch II – 2

A

Hyoid - upper hyoid, facial nerve (VII)

39
Q

Pharyngeal Arch III – 2

A

Lower hyoid, glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

40
Q

Pharyngeal Arch IV – 2

A

Thyroid cartilage, contributions to vagus nerve (X)

41
Q

Pharyngeal Arch VI – 2

A

Cricoid cartilages, contribution to vagus nerve (X)

A&P 2 (18 decks)

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