Final Memorize Flashcards
lipid soluble hormones 3
steroids
thyroid
nitric oxide - hormone and neurotransmitter, vasodilation
water soluble hormones – 3
amines - epinephrine, NE, dopamine, histamine, serotonin, melatonin - fight or flight
peptide/proteins - peptide 3-49 amino acids, proteins 50-200 - carries lipid soluble in blood
eicosanoids - prostaglandins (vasodilation), leukotriens (vasoconstriction)
pituitary secretes 5 classes
somatotrophs - growth hormone, most plentiful
thyrotrophs - TSH
gonadotrophs - FSH and luteinizing hormone
lactotrophs - prolactin (PRL)
corticotrophs – ACTH
Adrenal Cortex zones 3
Outside to inside
Zona glomerulosa - secretes mineralocorticoids - aldosterone
Zona fasciculata - secretes glucocorticoids - cortisone
Zona reticularis - secretes androgens - DHEA
Pancreas – 2 cell types, secrete what
Alpha cells secrete glucagon, 17%
Beta cells secrete insulin 70%
produced in salivary gland
stimulates proliferation of epithelial cells, fibroblasts, neurons, astrocytes
suppresses some cancer cells & secretion of gastric juices by stomach
Epidermal Growth Factors
Produced in blood platelets
stimulates proliferation of neuroglia, smooth muscle fibers, fibroblasts
appears to have a role in wound healing
may contribute to atherosclerosis development
Platelet Derived Growth Factor
Found in pituitary and brain
stimulates proliferation of many cells derived from embryonic mesoderm - fibroblasts, adrenocortical, smooth muscle, endothelial
stimulates formation of new blood vessels – angiogenesis
Fibroblast Growth Factor
Produced in submandibular (salivary) glands and hippocampus
stimulates growth of ganglia in embryo
maintains sympathetic nervous system
stimulates hypertrophy and differentiation of neurons
Nerve Growth Factor
Produced by normal and tumor cells
stimulate growth of new capillaries, organ regeneration, wound healing
Tumor Angiogenesis Factor
Produced by various cells as separate molecules
TGF-alpha has activities similar to EGF
TGF-beta inhibits proliferation of many cell types
Transforming Growth Factor
RBC breaks down into – 6
iron - transferred to marrow by transferrin
Biliverdin - green
Bilirubin - yellow, released into sm. intestines
Urobilinogen - breakdown of bilirubin in lg. intestines
urobilin - breakdown of urobilinogen, secreted in urine
Stercobilin - breakdown of urobilinogen, excreted in feces
Anemia requires 3
Lowered RBC, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit
normal amounts of WBC in blood 5
60% Neutrophils 30% Lymphocytes 6% Monocytes 3% Eosinophils 0% Basophils
Why is Neutrophil High Low
High: Bacterial Infection, burns, stress, inflammation
Low: Vitamin B12 deficiency, radiation, lupus, erythematosus
Why is Lymphocyte High Low
High: Viral Infection, some leukemias
Low: Prolonged illness, immunosuppression, treatment with cortisol
Why is Monocyte High Low
High: Viral/Fungal infection, TB, chronic infections, leukemia
Low: Bone Marrow Suppression, treatment with cortisol
Why is Eosinophil High Low
High: Parasitic Infection, allergic reaction, autoimmune disease
Low: Drug Toxicity, stress
Why is Basophil High Low
High: Allergic reaction, leukemia, cancer, hypothyroidism
Low: Pregnancy, ovulation, stress, hyperthyroidism
Why is Platelet Count High Low
High: Excessive Alcohol intake, acute infection, low B12 or folate, absence of spleen, iron deficiency anemia, inflammatory conditions, cancer
Low: Large spleen, pregnant, ITP
Blood Clotting - 2 pathways, element they produce, 4 factors
2 pathways - extrinsic (tissue trauma), intrinsic (blood trauma)
1972 - clotting factors II, VII, IX, X require vitamin K. Warfarin also makes them not clot.
Extrinsic and Intrinsic both produce Prothrombinase enzyme
Blood Clotting - pathways to what they produce to work with platelets, and what breaks it down
Prothrombinase catalyses prothrombin +Ca2 -> thrombin -> fibrinogen +Ca2 -> loose fibrin -> stabilized fibrin
plasmin breaks down clot, stabilized fibrin, loose fibrin, fibrinogen
Coronary Arteries – 6
Right Coronary Artery Aorta to right atrium, divides into posterior interventricular and marginal branches
Posterior interventricular follows posterior interventricular sulcus, supplies ventricles
Marginal runs along right margin, supplies right ventricle
Left Coronary Artery to anterior interventricular and circumflex
Anterior interventricular supplies both ventricles
Circumflex in coronary sulcus supplies left ventricle, left atrium
conduction system - 5 + rate
SA beats 100 per minute
AP goes down interatrial septum to AV node
Delay at AV node to allow blood to move to ventricle
AP to AV bundle (bundle of his), splits to left and right bundles, to apex
Purkinje fibers carry AP out to rest of ventricles
Positive contractility factors – 5
Sympathetic Epinephrine Norepinephrine Increased ISF Ca Digitalis
Negative Contractility factors – 5
Inhibition of Sympathetic stimulation ANS Acidosis Anoxia Increased ISF K Calcium channel blockers
Minerals – 7
Calcium & phosphorus - bones, teeth
Magnesium - ADP to ATP
Sodium & potassium - action potentials
Iron - hemoglobin, Electron Transport Chain
Chromium – insulin
Too low Na, K, Ca
Hyponatremia - Na, Muscular weakness, dizzy, headache, hypotension, tachycardia, shock, mental confusion, stupor, coma
Hypokalemia - muscle fatigue, flaccid paralysis, mental confusion, increased urine output, shallow respiration, flattening of T wave on EKG
Hypocalcemia - numbness and tingling fingers, hyperactive reflexes, muscle cramps, tetany and convulsions, bone fractures
Too high Na, K, Ca
Hypernatremia - Na, intense thirst, hypertension, edema, agitations
Hyperkalemia - Irritability, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness
Hypercalcemia - lethargy, weakness, anorexia, nausea, polyuria, itching, bone pain, depression
Female-Male Homologous Structures – 6
Ovaries-testes, labia majora-scrotum,
Labia minora-spongy urethra, vestibule-intermediate urethra,
Bulb of vestibule-corpus spongiosum penis,
Glans Clitoris-glans penis
Stages after zygote - 2 + 2
Zygote mitotically divides - cleavage
Day 4 - morula - solid sphere of cells
Day 5 - hollow blastocyst
- Embryoblast - internal, develops into embryo
- Trophoblast - outer, develops into placenta
Trophoblast - 2 sublayers
Syncytiotrophoblast - becomes placenta
Cytotrophoblast - implantation, new cellular layers
Gastrulation – 5
Bilayer embryonic disc - hypoblast, epiblast, 8 days from fertilization Bilaminar moves to trilaminar 15 days Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm
Endoderm – 7
Gstrointestinal tract
pharynx, tonsils
trachea, bronchi, lungs
gametes
Mesoderm – 6
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Cartilage, bone, connective tissue
Dermis of skin
Ectoderm – 3
Nervous tissue
Epidermis of skin
Neuroepithelium of sense organs
Pharyngeal Arch I – 3
Mandibular - mandible, maxilla, trigeminal nerve (v2 and v3)
Pharyngeal Arch II – 2
Hyoid - upper hyoid, facial nerve (VII)
Pharyngeal Arch III – 2
Lower hyoid, glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Pharyngeal Arch IV – 2
Thyroid cartilage, contributions to vagus nerve (X)
Pharyngeal Arch VI – 2
Cricoid cartilages, contribution to vagus nerve (X)
