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A&P 2 > 18-Endocrine > Flashcards

18-Endocrine Flashcards

0
Q

Endocrine glands 15

A

Hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid, parathyroid, kidney, stomach, liver, sm intestines, skin, heart, adipose tissue, placenta

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1
Q

Exocrine glands 4

A

Sweat, sebaceous, mucous, digestive

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2
Q

up/down regulation

A

down - abundance of hormone, target becomes less sensitive

up - deficiency of hormone, target more sensitive

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3
Q

hormones act in two ways

A

circulating - interstitial to blood

local - neighbors (paracrines) or self (autocrines)

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4
Q

lipid soluble hormones 3

A

steroids
thyroid
nitric oxide - hormone and neurotransmitter, vasodilation

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5
Q

water soluble hormones - 3

A

amines - epinephrine, NE, dopamine, histamine, serotonin, melatonin - fight or flight
peptide/proteins - peptide 3-49 amino acids, proteins 50-200 - carries lipid soluble in blood
eicosanoids - prostaglandins (vasodilation), leukotriens (vasoconstriction)

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6
Q

hypothalamus and pituitary parts 1+1+2

A

hypothalamus below thalamus
infundibulum connects two
anterior pituitary - pars distalis and pars tuberalis
posterior pituitary - bulbular pars nervosa and infundibulum

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7
Q

hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

A

hypophyseal portal system - arteries, capillary sytem, veins, plexus

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8
Q

pituitary secretes 5 classes

A

act on other glands - tropins
somatotrophs - growth hormone, most plentiful
thyrotrophs - TSH
gonadotrophs - FSH and luteinizing hormone
lactotrophs - prolactin (PRL)
corticotrophs - ACTH

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9
Q

somatotrophs promote

A

insulin like growth factors, human growth hormone
increase protein synthesis, causing growth
enhance lippolysis
decrease glucose uptake
big in puberty
GHRH and GHIH control

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10
Q

thyrotrophs release

A

thyroid stimulating hormone TSH
TSH promotes secretion of T3, T4
Hyothalamus produces TRH to promote TSH, feedback by T3, T4

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11
Q

gonadotrophs release

A

follicle stimulating hormone FSH - ovarian follicle development, estrogen in females, sperm in males
luteinizing hormone - triggers ovulations and progesterone in females, testosterone in males
GnRH from hypotalamus regulates these

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12
Q

lactotrophs secrete

A

prolactin PRL - initiate and maintain milk production
hypersecretion in males causes ED, females galactorrhea, amenorrhea
Controlled by PIH PRH

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13
Q

corticotrophs secrete 2

A

ACTH - production and secretion of glucocorticoids, including cortisol by adrenal cortex
melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH
Controlled by CRH, dopamine

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14
Q

Hypothalamus and Posterior Pituitary hormones - 2

A

oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction (birth contractions), milk ejection, love hormone
Antidiuretic Hormone ADH (vasopressin) - decrease urine volume
Released by neurosecretory bodies, Herring bodies, swelling in axons

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15
Q

Thyroid Anatomy 4

A

Inferior to larynx
right and left lateral lobe, connected by isthmus
half have a third lobe, pyramidal
only endocrine gland that stores product in large quantities

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16
Q

Thyroid microscopic anatomy 3

A

follicular cells - secrete T3 and T4, stain darker, squamous inactive, columnar when active
follicle is colloid surrounded by follicular cells
Parafollicular cells - secrete calcitonin

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17
Q

Thyroid T3/T4 cycle 4

A 
Follicular cells get iodine, produce TGB, oxidize iodine to I2
Iodine attaches to TGB to make T1, T2
T1, T2 combine to make T3, T4
T3, T4 diffuse into ISF
T3, T4 transported in blood by TBG
18
Q

Thyroid hormone uses 5

A 
increase BMR
Stimulates Na/K pump, calorigenic effect
Stimulates protein synthesis
increase lipolysis, cholesterol excretion
accelerate body growth
19
Q

Thyroid Calcitonin use 3

A

decreases level of calcium in body by inhibiting osteoclast
inhibits bone resorbtion
accelerates Ca and P uptake into bone
Miacalcin - calcitonin extract from salmon, 10 times more potent

20
Q

Parathyroid hormone 4

A

Chief Cells / Principle cells produce parathormone
Major regulator of calcium and magnesium
Promotes formation of active Vitamin D (D3, calcitrol)
When calcium too low
oxyphil cells no known function

21
Q

Adrenal gland high level anatomy 3

A

Superior to kidney
Surrounded by tissue capsule, then adrenal cortex (80-90%)
Small center is adrenal medulla

22
Q

Adrenal Cortex zones 3

A

Outside to inside
Zona glomerulosa - secretes mineralocorticoids
Zona fasciculata - secretes glucocorticoids
Zona reticularis - secretes androgens

23
Q

Adrenal Mineralocorticoids - 1, 2 uses

A

Aldosterone - Na and K homeostasis, blood volume and pressure, also excretes protons in urine (prevents acidosis)
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway (RAA) controls aldosterone secretion

24
Q

Thymus does what?

A

T cell maturation

25
Q

Pituitary basophilic cells do what?

A

unknown. melanocyte-stimulating hormone in fetus

26
Q

sodium potassium pump counts

A

one ATP pumps 3 Na out and 2 K into cell

27
Q

Adrenal glucocorticoids 3+7

A

Cortisol (hydrocortisone), cortisone, corticosterone
regulate metabolism, resistance to stress
protein breakdown, gluconeogenesis, lypolysis
anti-inflammatory, immune system depression

28
Q

Adrenal Androgens

A

DHEA - weak, converted to estrogen, females responsible for libido after menopause
Both sexes responsible for prepubertal growth spurt, axillary and pubic hair

29
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

modified sympathetic ganglion, chromaffin cells

secretes 80% epi, 20% NE, fight or flight

30
Q

pancreas

A

endocrine and exocrine
Isles of Langerhans
Alpha cells secrete glucagon, 17%
Beta cells secrete insulin 70%

31
Q

ovaries 3

A

2 Estrogens and progesterone
produce inhibin, inhibits FSH,
In pregnancy increase flexibility of pubic symphysis, dilates uterine cervix

32
Q

Testes (testis) 2

A

Secrete testosterone

Secrete inhibin, inhibits FSH

33
Q

pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin
contribute to biological clock
potent antioxident

34
Q

Eicosanoids

A

prostaglandins and leukotrienes
inflammatory
NSAID inhibits COX enzymes responsible for prostaglandin synthesis

35
Q

Pancreas cycle

A

Hypoglycemia -> alpha cells secrete glucagon ->
glycogen to glucose, stimulates gluconeogenesis -> raises glucose levels in blood
Hyperglycemia -> beta cells secrete insulin ->
slows glucagon, facilitates glucose diffusion into cells, lowers glucose levels in blood
glucagon also stimulated by sympathetic nervous

36
Q

Posterior pituitary development

A

neurohypophysis from outgrowth of hypothalamus called

neurohypophyseal bud

37
Q

Anterior pituitary development

A

outgrowth of roof of mouth Rathke’s (hypophyseal) pouch

38
Q

produced in salivary gland
stimulates proliferation of epithelial cells, fibroblasts, neurons, astrocytes
suppresses some cancer cells & secretion of gastric juices by stomach

A

Epidermal Growth Factors

39
Q

Produced in blood platelets
stimulates proliferation of neuroglia, smooth muscle fibers, fibroblasts
appears to have a role in wound healing
may contribute to atherosclerosis development

A

Platelet Derived Growth Factor

40
Q

Found in pituitary and brain
stimulates proliferation of many cells derived from embryonic mesoderm - fibroblasts, adrenocortical, smooth muscle, endothelial
stimulates formation of new blood vessels - angiogenesis

A

Fibroblast Growth Factor

41
Q

Produced in submandibular (salivary) glands and hippocampus
stimulates growth of ganglia in embryo
maintains sympathetic nervous system
stimulates hypertrophy and differentiation of neurons

A

Nerve Growth Factor

42
Q

Produced by normal and tumor cells

stimulate growth of new capillaries, organ regeneration, wound healing

A

Tumor Angiogenesis Factor

43
Q

Produced by various cells as separate molecules
TGF-alpha has activities similar to EGF
TGF-beta inhibits proliferation of many cell types

A

Transforming Growth Factor

A&P 2 (18 decks)

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