29-FRC and Development

Question 1

Female Reproductive Cycle - 2 cycles, length, changes to related organs (2), phases -4

Answer 1

Ovarian and Uterine cycles
24-36 days, 28 common
Breasts and Cervix also undergo changes
Menstrual, Preovulatory, Ovulation, Postovulatory phases

Question 2

Menstrual phase - length, hormones (1+2) cause what

Answer 2

5 days
FSH changes some primordial follicles to primary then secondary
Estrogens and prostaglandin constrict arterioles from stratum functionalis, cause oxygen deprivation, sheds from uterine wall

Question 3

Preovulatory phase - length, what secretes what hormone, does what, effect in uterus

Answer 3

8 days
One secondary follicle secretes Inhibin, all others atresia, develops into mature
Secondary and mature secrete estrogens throughout, causes stratum basalis to produce new stratum functionalis

Question 4

Ovulation - definition, hormone changes (3) and result, mid-cycle event

Answer 4

Follicle burst
High levels of Estrogens cause spike in LH, FSH, LH causes rupture
Small amount of blood - spotting, pain - mittelschmerz

Question 5

Postovulatory phase - length, result of burst follicle, what it becomes, what this does to uterus

Answer 5

Day 15 to end
Burst follicle becomes corpus hemorrhagicum, add ovarian cells becomes corpus luteum.
Corpus luteum secretes progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, Inhibin.
Progesterone and estrogens promote growth of vascularization of superficial endometrium.

Question 6

Postovulatory - fertilization (2) and non-fertilization ()

Answer 6

Fertilization - corpus luteum persists past 2 weeks due to hCG from embryo
-uterus allows for implantation
Non-fertilization - corpus luteum degenerates to corpus albicans
- Progesterone and estrogen decline, endometrium sloughs off

Question 7

Fertilization - N/2N, what must happen for fertilization to occur, blocks what

Answer 7

Haploid oocyte + haploid sperm for diploid zygote
Sperm must penetrate corona radiata and zona pellucida before fertilization can occur
Fertilization blocks polyspermy

Question 8

Stages after zygote - 2 + 2

Answer 8

Zygote mitotically divides - cleavage
Day 4 - morula - solid sphere of cells
Day 5 - hollow blastocyst
- Embryoblast - internal, develops into embryo
- Trophoblast - outer, develops into placenta

Question 9

Trophoblast - 2 sublayers

Answer 9

Syncytiotrophoblast - becomes placenta

Cytotrophoblast - implantation, new cellular layers

Question 10

Gastrulation - 5

Answer 10

Bilayer embryonic disc - hypoblast, epiblast, 8 days from fertilization
Bilaminar moves to trilaminar 15 days
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

Question 11

Endoderm - 7

Answer 11

Gstrointestinal tract
pharynx, tonsils
trachea, bronchi, lungs
gametes

Question 12

Mesoderm - 6

Answer 12

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Cartilage, bone, connective tissue
Dermis of skin

Question 13

Ectoderm - 3

Answer 13

Nervous tissue
Epidermis of skin
Neuroepithelium of sense organs

Question 14

Development - organogenesis - 5

Answer 14

Weeks 4-8
Foregut, midgut, hindgut
Pharyngeal/brachial arches

Question 15

Pharyngeal Arch I - 3

Answer 15

Mandibular - mandible, maxilla, trigeminal nerve (v2 and v3)

Question 16

Pharyngeal Arch II - 2

Answer 16

Hyoid - upper hyoid, facial nerve (VII)

Question 17

Pharyngeal Arch III - 2

Answer 17

Lower hyoid, glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

Question 18

Pharyngeal Arch IV - 2

Answer 18

Thyroid cartilage, contributions to vagus nerve (X)

Question 19

Pharyngeal Arch VI - 2

Answer 19

Cricoid cartilages, contribution to vagus nerve (X)