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A&P 2 > 22-Lymphatic > Flashcards

22-Lymphatic Flashcards

0
Q

Complement common pathway to Cytolysis

A

Cleaved C3 binds to bacteria, B attaches and is cleaved by D to Bb, attaches to C3b -> C3bBb.
C3bBb can cleave C3. Or cleaves C5 to C5a, C5b -> Cytolysis.

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1
Q

Complement common pathway outcomes - 3

A

Cytolysis - C5b attracts C6, C7, C8, many C9 - makes hole in cell wall
Inflammation, chemotaxis - C3a, C5a
Opsonization - attract phagocytes. opsonins are antibody, MBL, C3b, C5b

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2
Q

Complement Pathways to C3 cleaved - 3

A

Alternate - C3 cleaves spontaneously
Lectin - MBL attaches to mannose on bacteria. This cleaves C2, C4. C2a + C4b cleaves C3.
Classical - Antibody attaches to antigen on bacteria. This activates C1. Activated C1 cleaves C2, C4. C2a + C4b cleaves C3.

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3
Q

Functions of lymphatic system - 3

A

Drains excess interstitial fluid
Transport dietary lipids - lacteals (lymph capillary)
Carry out immune response

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4
Q

Lymph nodes swollen and hard - 2

A

Posterior chain lymphadenopathy - Mono - EB Barr virus

Axillary - Breast cancer

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5
Q

Lymphatic Trunks - 5

A 
Lumbar trunk
Intestinal trunk
Bronchomediastinal
Subclavian
Jugular
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6
Q

Lymphatic ducts - 2

A

Thoracic (left lymphatic) duct - drains most. Lower body collects into cisterna chyli, then into thoracic duct.
Right Lymphatic duct - right head, neck, arm, chest
Drain into R/L subclavian vein

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7
Q

Lymphatic organs & tissues - difference, 2 types, 2+3

A

Organs have outer dense connective tissue
Primary - where cells divide and become immunocompetent - Red Bone Marrow (B cells), Thymus (T cells)
Secondary - majority of immune response occurs - Lymph node, spleen (organs), lymphatic nodules (tissue)

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8
Q

Thymus - parts, function, migration 3

A

bilobed with outer cortex, inner medulla
Cortex where immature T cells mature, 2% survive, travel to medulla
Dendritic cells in cortex as well
Mature T cells migrate from medulla to spleen, lymph nodes, other lymph tissues

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9
Q

What happens to thymus, when

A

Young thymus reddish due to rich blood supply

At puberty replaced by fatty tissue

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10
Q

Impression/depression on thymus, other organs. What found there?

A

Hilum. Blood/lymph vessels.

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11
Q

Lymph nodes - structure-5, afferent/efferent, number in body

A

about 600
Many afferent, one efferent (exit) for filtration pressure
Trabeculae divides into compartments
parenchyma/functional part has cortex, medulla, stroma is framework
Outer Cortex has B cells, dendritic, macrophage, plasma cells made here
Inner cortex has T cells and dendritic, presentation is here
Medulla has B cells and plasma

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12
Q

Lymph through lymph node

A

Foreign substances trapped in reticular fibers
Macrophages ingest some debris
Lymphocytes destroy other matter
Filtered lymph then leaves lymph node (Hilum)

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13
Q

Spleen - 5

A

Single largest mass of lymph tissue, left hypochondriac region
White pulp - lymphocytes carry out immune, macrophages ingest blood-borne pathogens
Red pulp - macrophages remove ruptured/worn out/defective erythrocytes, platelets
Store platelets
Produce erythrocytes in fetal development

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14
Q

Lymphatic nodules - 4

A 
Lymphatic tissue without capsule
MALT - Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue
Tonsils
Small Intestine (Peyer's patches)
Appendix
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15
Q

Tonsils - 5

A

Pharyngeal - adenoid
2 palatine
2 lingual

16
Q

Innate Immunity external defenses - 8

A 
Skin
Hair and cilia
mucous membranes
Lacrimal gland - lysozyme
Sebaceous glands
Saliva
Gastric juice - HCl, only strong acid
Vaginal secretions
17
Q

Innate Immunity antimicrobial substances - 2

A 
Complement system - contribute to inflammation, cytolysis, promote phagocytosis
Antimicrobial Protein (AMP) - mannose binding with lectin
18
Q

Natural Killer Cells - 2 + 3 mechanisms

A

NK cells kill infected cells and tumors
Come from lymphoid cells?, kill like Cytotoxic T cells
1 - Granules with perforin perforate cell wall
2 - cytolysis
3 - Granules with granzymes cause cell to undergo apoptosis

19
Q

Phases of phagocytosis - 5

A 
Chemotaxis
Adherence
Ingestion - pseudopod
Digestion - phagosome - ROS
Killing - remnants termed residual bodies
20
Q

Inflammation - 4 signs, 3 stages

A

Signs - redness, pain, swelling, heat
1 - Vasodilation
2 - Emigration of phagocytes diapedesis
3 - Tissue Repair

21
Q

Inflammation - substances that cause vasodilation - 5

A 
Complement system
Histamine
Kinins
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
22
Q

Fever - 4

A

Fever is not the same as inflammation
Intensifies the effect of interferons
Inhibits growth of some microbes
speeds up body cell reactions and repair

23
Q

Adaptive versus innate immunity - 2

A

Innate always operating, shotgun. Adaptive is specific

Adaptive has memory for antigens seen before

24
Q

Antigen - 3, Epitope

A

Substance seen as foreign
Immunogenicity - Invokes an immune response through clonal selection
Reactivity - antigen will react specifically to the antibodies it provokes
Epitope - small portion of antigen that trigger immune response

25
Q

Lymphocytes - 2, Mature where, clonal select to 6

A

B cells mature in Bone marrow, clonal select to B memory and plasma
T cells mature in Thymus, clonal select to Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) and Helper T cells (CD4) and Memory for each

26
Q

Types of Adaptive Immunity (- Mediated) - 2

A 
Cell Mediated Immunity - Cytotoxic T cells, good for intracellular pathogens, some cancer, foreign tissue transplant
Antibody Mediated (Humoral) Immunity - B cells, plasma cells produce lots of antibodies
27
Q

Clonal Selection - 2 reasons, 2 cell types

A

Proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes due to specific antigen
Effector and memory cells

28
Q

Genetic Recombination - ?

A

Only 35,000 genes coded for, but need to recognize billion epitoopes
Auto-immune protection?

29
Q

MHC types - 2

A

MHC-I - produced in all cell types, used to display on outside of cell membrane (like for epitope)
MHC-II - used by Antigen Presenting Cells - Macrophages, dendrites

30
Q

Cell mediated immunity - activation process

A 
MHC complex binds to TCR - T Cell Receptor
Co-receptor present - CD4/CD8
Co-Stimulation - cytokine
Helper T - MHC-II and CD4
Cytotoxic T - MHC-I and CD8
31
Q

Antibody Mediated Immunity process

A

First time - Antigen binds to BCR, activates, produces IgM

Second time binding also requires Helper T cell to activates, produces IgG (monomer)

32
Q

Antibody purposes - 5

A 
Agglutination
Neutralizing Antigens
Immobilizing bacteria
Activating complement
Enhancing phagocytosis
33
Q

Classes of antibodies - 5

A

IgM - pentamer, first secreted by plasma cells
IgG - monomer, can move to organs, across placenta, 80% in blood
IgA - dimer, Secretions - tears, sweat, mucus, saliva, breast milk
IgE - monomer, Basophils, allergic reactions
IgD - monomer, activation of B cells

34
Q

Antibody structure - 4

A

Heavy chains - determine class
Light chains - have constant and variable parts
Constant region
Variable region - antigen binding site

A&P 2 (18 decks)

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