22-Lymphatic Flashcards
Complement common pathway to Cytolysis
Cleaved C3 binds to bacteria, B attaches and is cleaved by D to Bb, attaches to C3b -> C3bBb.
C3bBb can cleave C3. Or cleaves C5 to C5a, C5b -> Cytolysis.
Complement common pathway outcomes - 3
Cytolysis - C5b attracts C6, C7, C8, many C9 - makes hole in cell wall
Inflammation, chemotaxis - C3a, C5a
Opsonization - attract phagocytes. opsonins are antibody, MBL, C3b, C5b
Complement Pathways to C3 cleaved - 3
Alternate - C3 cleaves spontaneously
Lectin - MBL attaches to mannose on bacteria. This cleaves C2, C4. C2a + C4b cleaves C3.
Classical - Antibody attaches to antigen on bacteria. This activates C1. Activated C1 cleaves C2, C4. C2a + C4b cleaves C3.
Functions of lymphatic system - 3
Drains excess interstitial fluid
Transport dietary lipids - lacteals (lymph capillary)
Carry out immune response
Lymph nodes swollen and hard - 2
Posterior chain lymphadenopathy - Mono - EB Barr virus
Axillary - Breast cancer
Lymphatic Trunks - 5
Lumbar trunk Intestinal trunk Bronchomediastinal Subclavian Jugular
Lymphatic ducts - 2
Thoracic (left lymphatic) duct - drains most. Lower body collects into cisterna chyli, then into thoracic duct.
Right Lymphatic duct - right head, neck, arm, chest
Drain into R/L subclavian vein
Lymphatic organs & tissues - difference, 2 types, 2+3
Organs have outer dense connective tissue
Primary - where cells divide and become immunocompetent - Red Bone Marrow (B cells), Thymus (T cells)
Secondary - majority of immune response occurs - Lymph node, spleen (organs), lymphatic nodules (tissue)
Thymus - parts, function, migration 3
bilobed with outer cortex, inner medulla
Cortex where immature T cells mature, 2% survive, travel to medulla
Dendritic cells in cortex as well
Mature T cells migrate from medulla to spleen, lymph nodes, other lymph tissues
What happens to thymus, when
Young thymus reddish due to rich blood supply
At puberty replaced by fatty tissue
Impression/depression on thymus, other organs. What found there?
Hilum. Blood/lymph vessels.
Lymph nodes - structure-5, afferent/efferent, number in body
about 600
Many afferent, one efferent (exit) for filtration pressure
Trabeculae divides into compartments
parenchyma/functional part has cortex, medulla, stroma is framework
Outer Cortex has B cells, dendritic, macrophage, plasma cells made here
Inner cortex has T cells and dendritic, presentation is here
Medulla has B cells and plasma
Lymph through lymph node
Foreign substances trapped in reticular fibers
Macrophages ingest some debris
Lymphocytes destroy other matter
Filtered lymph then leaves lymph node (Hilum)
Spleen - 5
Single largest mass of lymph tissue, left hypochondriac region
White pulp - lymphocytes carry out immune, macrophages ingest blood-borne pathogens
Red pulp - macrophages remove ruptured/worn out/defective erythrocytes, platelets
Store platelets
Produce erythrocytes in fetal development
Lymphatic nodules - 4
Lymphatic tissue without capsule MALT - Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue Tonsils Small Intestine (Peyer's patches) Appendix
Tonsils - 5
Pharyngeal - adenoid
2 palatine
2 lingual
Innate Immunity external defenses - 8
Skin Hair and cilia mucous membranes Lacrimal gland - lysozyme Sebaceous glands Saliva Gastric juice - HCl, only strong acid Vaginal secretions
Innate Immunity antimicrobial substances - 2
Complement system - contribute to inflammation, cytolysis, promote phagocytosis Antimicrobial Protein (AMP) - mannose binding with lectin
Natural Killer Cells - 2 + 3 mechanisms
NK cells kill infected cells and tumors
Come from lymphoid cells?, kill like Cytotoxic T cells
1 - Granules with perforin perforate cell wall
2 - cytolysis
3 - Granules with granzymes cause cell to undergo apoptosis
Phases of phagocytosis - 5
Chemotaxis Adherence Ingestion - pseudopod Digestion - phagosome - ROS Killing - remnants termed residual bodies
Inflammation - 4 signs, 3 stages
Signs - redness, pain, swelling, heat
1 - Vasodilation
2 - Emigration of phagocytes diapedesis
3 - Tissue Repair
Inflammation - substances that cause vasodilation - 5
Complement system Histamine Kinins Prostaglandins Leukotrienes
Fever - 4
Fever is not the same as inflammation
Intensifies the effect of interferons
Inhibits growth of some microbes
speeds up body cell reactions and repair
Adaptive versus innate immunity - 2
Innate always operating, shotgun. Adaptive is specific
Adaptive has memory for antigens seen before
Antigen - 3, Epitope
Substance seen as foreign
Immunogenicity - Invokes an immune response through clonal selection
Reactivity - antigen will react specifically to the antibodies it provokes
Epitope - small portion of antigen that trigger immune response
Lymphocytes - 2, Mature where, clonal select to 6
B cells mature in Bone marrow, clonal select to B memory and plasma
T cells mature in Thymus, clonal select to Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) and Helper T cells (CD4) and Memory for each
Types of Adaptive Immunity (- Mediated) - 2
Cell Mediated Immunity - Cytotoxic T cells, good for intracellular pathogens, some cancer, foreign tissue transplant Antibody Mediated (Humoral) Immunity - B cells, plasma cells produce lots of antibodies
Clonal Selection - 2 reasons, 2 cell types
Proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes due to specific antigen
Effector and memory cells
Genetic Recombination - ?
Only 35,000 genes coded for, but need to recognize billion epitoopes
Auto-immune protection?
MHC types - 2
MHC-I - produced in all cell types, used to display on outside of cell membrane (like for epitope)
MHC-II - used by Antigen Presenting Cells - Macrophages, dendrites
Cell mediated immunity - activation process
MHC complex binds to TCR - T Cell Receptor Co-receptor present - CD4/CD8 Co-Stimulation - cytokine Helper T - MHC-II and CD4 Cytotoxic T - MHC-I and CD8
Antibody Mediated Immunity process
First time - Antigen binds to BCR, activates, produces IgM
Second time binding also requires Helper T cell to activates, produces IgG (monomer)
Antibody purposes - 5
Agglutination Neutralizing Antigens Immobilizing bacteria Activating complement Enhancing phagocytosis
Classes of antibodies - 5
IgM - pentamer, first secreted by plasma cells
IgG - monomer, can move to organs, across placenta, 80% in blood
IgA - dimer, Secretions - tears, sweat, mucus, saliva, breast milk
IgE - monomer, Basophils, allergic reactions
IgD - monomer, activation of B cells
Antibody structure - 4
Heavy chains - determine class
Light chains - have constant and variable parts
Constant region
Variable region - antigen binding site
