20-Heart

Question 0

Layers of heart tissue - 3

Answer 0

Epicardium - fibroelastic tissue, adipose, blood vessels, lymph
Myocardium - cardiac muscle, 95%
Endocardium - inner, slippery to reduce friction, contiguous with large vessels (vena cava, aorta)

Question 1

pericardium layers 1+2

Answer 1

Fibrous pericardium - anchors to mediastinum, dense irregular connective
Serous pericardium - parietal layer to Fibrous, visceral layer to heart, pericardial fluid

Question 2

sulci - 3 + what in sulcus

Answer 2

Deep Coronary sulcus - divides atria from ventricles
Anterior interventricular sulcus - divides ventricles on front
Posterior interventricular sulcus - divides ventricles on back
contains fat and blood vessels

Question 3

right atrium - blood from 3, anterior wall ridges, between atria, hole, valve to ventricle

Answer 3

blood from superior/inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
anterior wall muscle ridges pectinate muscles
separation is interatrial septum, fossa ovalis from foramen ovale
blood passes through tricuspid valve to get to right ventricle
circle is fossa ovalis adult, hole in fetus foramen ovale

Question 4

Right Ventricle - valve attachments - 2, where blood goes and valve

Answer 4

tricuspid valve attaced to chordae tendineae attached to cone shaped papillary muscles. Tightens to prevent prolapse.
Blood goes through pulmonary valve (semilunar) to pulmonary trunk
trabeculae carneae ridged muscle fibers involved in conduction system

Question 5

Left Atrium - blood from, valve

Answer 5

Blood from 4 pulmonary veins

valve to ventricle - bicuspid/mitral/left atrioventricular

Question 6

Left Ventricle what valve to where - 2, shunt in infant

Answer 6

Aortic valve to aorta
Aorta to coronary arteries
Thickest muscular walls, forms apex of heart
ligamentum arteriosum adult, ductus arteriosus embryo

Question 7

Coronary Arteries - 6

Answer 7

Right Coronary Artery Aorta to right atrium, divides into posterior interventricular and marginal branches
Posterior interventricular follows posterior interventricular sulcus, supplies ventricles
Marginal runs along right margin, supplies right ventricle
Left Coronary Artery to anterior interventricular and circumflex
Anterior interventricular supplies both ventricles
Circumflex in coronary sulcus supplies left ventricle, left atrium

Question 8

Coronary Veins - 3

Answer 8

Coronary sinus - posterior, drains most of blood
Great Cardiac vein - anterior interventricular sulcus, drains areas supplied by left coronary
Middle Cardiac vein - posterior interventricular sulcus, drains areas supplied by posterior interventricular

Question 9

Heart location - 3

Answer 9

Mediastinum
Apex rests on diaphragm
posterior flat surface is base

Question 10

auricles

Answer 10

aside atrium
increase blood carrying capacity
pectinate muscles in both, right mostly

Question 11

collateral circulation

Answer 11

multiple arteries can feed an area

Anastamesis

Question 12

conduction system - 5 + rate

Answer 12

SA beats 100 per minute
AP goes down interatrial septum to AV node
Delay at AV node to allow blood to move to ventricle
AP to AV bundle (bundle of his), splits to left and right bundles, to apex
Purkinje fibers carry AP out to rest of ventricles

Question 13

intercalated discs - 2

Answer 13

gap junctions - bridge AP, heart muscles all beat as one

desmosomes - hold fibers together

Question 14

Action Potentials of heart - 3 parts, types of channels

Answer 14

Depolarization - fast voltage gated Na channel, sarcolemma
Plateau - slow voltage gated Ca channel, sarcolemma
Repolarization - voltage gated K channels

Question 15

Energy production in Cardiac Muscle+enzyme

Answer 15

Aerobic - fatty acids (60%), glucose (30%), lactic acid, amino acids, ketone bodies (5%) - rest
Exercise - more lactic acid
Creatine Kinase - enzyme for ATP production. In blood means myocardial infarction

Question 16

EKG - uses - 4

Answer 16

Heart is enlarged
Cause of chest pain
Conduction pathway normal/abnormal
If heart damaged in certain areas

Question 17

EKG - 3 waves

Answer 17

P wave - Atrial depolarization
QRS complex - Ventricular depolarization
T wave - Ventricular repolarization

Question 18

EKG - 3 intervals/segments

Answer 18

P-Q interval - Beginning of Atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
S-T segment - time ventricular fibers are depolarized
Q-T interval - Start Ventricular depolarization to End Repolarization

Question 19

Preload - 3

Answer 19

Amount of stretch in ventricle before pump.
Like rubber band, more stretch, more forceful contraction. Frank-Starling law.
Also greater the preload, greater the End Diastolic Volume EDV.

Question 20

Afterload

Answer 20

Pressure to overcome before ejecting blood from ventricles.

Question 21

Phases of heart contraction/relaxation - 2

Answer 21

Systole - contraction

Diastole - relaxation

Question 22

Heart Sounds - 4 + name

Answer 22

Auscultation
S1 - lubb - closure of AV valves just after ventricular systole begins
S2 - dubb - closure of SL valves at beginning of ventricular diastole
S3 - blood turbulence, rapid ventricular filling
S4 - turbulence during atrial systole

Question 23

Cardiac output / reserve

Answer 23

output - volume of blood pumped per minute, either ventricle

reserve - diff between resting output and max output. typically 4x to 5x resting.

Question 24

Stroke volume - volume per pump - depends on 3

Answer 24

Depends on
Preload
Afterload
Contractility (force of contraction)

Question 25

EDV depends on - 2 + 1 means for athlete

Answer 25

Length of ventricular diastole
Venous return
Means slower heart rate of athlete will have larger EDV, larger stroke volume

Question 26

Positive contractility factors - 5

Answer 26

Sympathetic
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Increased ISF Ca
Digitalis

Question 27

Negative Contractility factors - 5

Answer 27

Inhibition of Sympathetic stimulation ANS
Acidosis
Anoxia
Increased ISF K
Calcium channel blockers

Question 28

Afterload regulation 2

Answer 28

Increased afterload means decreased stroke volume

Hypertension, Atherosclerosis

Question 29

1 kick starter of Cardiovascular system

Answer 29

Too much CO2

Question 30

Excess or deficiency of cation usually means 2 + 3

Answer 30

Heart issue, or skeletal muscle problem.

Na+, K+, Ca+.

Question 31

Regulation of heart rate - 6

Answer 31

Cardiovascular Center - in Medulla Oblongata
Proprioceptors
Chemoreceptors
Baroreceptors
Cardiac Accelerator nerves - sympathetic, Nor/Epi, SA/AV/Myocardium
Vagus Nerve (X) - parasympathetic

Question 32

Regulation of heart rate chemical - 3

Answer 32

EPI/NOR - increase heart rate and contractility
Thyroid hormone - increase heart rate and contractility
Na+, K+ - decrease heart rate and contractility

Question 33

Fetal heart regions develop to what parts - 5, plus when

Answer 33

Day 22
Sinus venosus - SA node, coronary sinus
Primitive Atrium - Anterior both atriums, both auricles
Primitive Ventricle - left ventricle
Bulbous cordis - right ventricle
Truncus arteriosus - ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk

Question 34

Fetal foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus turn into

Answer 34

Fossa ovalis

ligamentum arteriosum