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A&P 2 > 19-Blood > Flashcards

19-Blood Flashcards

0
Q

Parts of plasma - 3

A

Water 92%
Proteins - 7%
Albumin - 58% of proteins

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1
Q

Parts of blood - 3

A

Plasma - 55%
Erythrocytes - 44%
Platelets and WBC - 1%

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2
Q

Functions of blood - 3

A

Transportation - O2, Nutrients, CO2, wastes
Regulation - pH - bicarbonate, heat, pressure
Protection - clot, WBC for immunity & fight infection

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3
Q

pH range of blood

A

7.35 - 7.45

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4
Q

Buffy Coat - other material in blood made of - 2

A

Platelets

Leukocytes - Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

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5
Q

hematocrit high/low

A

significant drop is anemia

abnormally high is polycythemia - high BP, stroke

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6
Q

Hematopoiesis occurs places in fetus - 5

A

large amounts yolk sac, liver, bone marrow

small amounts spleen, lymph nodes

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7
Q

Adult bone marrow where, stem cells 3

A

axial skeleton
pluripotent stem produces myeloid and lymphoid stems
Lymphoid produce lymphocytes - B & T cells
Myeloid everything else

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8
Q

Formed elements - 7

A

RBC - Erythrocytes
Platelets - thrombocytes, from megakaryocytes
Basophils - mast cells
monocytes - macrophages
eosinophils
neutrophils - Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN)
lymphocytes - B, T, NK

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9
Q

RBC and platelet production - growth factors, where

A

Erythropoietin EPO - increases RBC precursors, kidney

Thrombopoietin TPO - platelets from megakaryocytes, liver

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10
Q

blood grouping component

A

glycolipids and glycoproteins act as antigen on RBC - ABO grouping

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11
Q

Hemoglobin makeup 2, carries how much of CO2

A

Globin - 4 polypeptide chains
Heme - non-protein pigment, holds Fe2+ iron ion
carries 23% of CO2

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12
Q

sickle cell survival benefit

A

heterozygotes (both actually but…) malaria

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13
Q

Blood Buffer

A

Carbonic Anhydrase enzyme CO2+H2O to carbonic acid
Spontaneously to bicarbonate + H+
Acts as buffer, too acidic or too basic
Bicarbonate transports 70% CO2

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14
Q

Erythropoiesis - 2 precursors, where, process

A

starts in bone marrow
Proerythroblast first precursor, Reticulocyte - lacks nucleus, still has some other components
Hypoxia -> kidneys stimulated to release EPO, speeds development of Proerythroblasts to reticulocytes, raises O2 carrying capacity in blood

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15
Q

RBC lifespan, where destroyed by what

A

120 days
spleen, liver, red bone marrow phagocytize
macrophages

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16
Q

RBC breaks down into - 6

A

iron - transferred to marrow by transferrin
Biliverdin - green
Bilirubin - yellow, released into sm. intestines
Urobilinogen - breakdown of bilirubin in lg. intestines
urobilin - breakdown of urobilinogen, secreted in urine
Stercobilin - breakdown of urobilinogen, excreted in feces

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17
Q

granulocytes -3, and ID

A

Neutrophil - 3-5 lobes of nucleus
Eosinophil - 2 lobes
Basophil - stain prevents seeing nucleus

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18
Q

Agranulocytes - 2

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

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19
Q

Leukocytosis

A

fight against infection - good

20
Q

WBC that circulates btw blood, ISF, lymph

A

lymphocytes

21
Q

WBC leaving cardiovascular tree

A

emigration, diapedesis

22
Q

Aglutination

A

clot formed by antigen + antibody

23
Q

Anemia requires 3

A

Lowered RBC, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit

24
Q

normal amounts of WBC in blood 5 + neumonic

A 
Never Let My Engine Blow
60% Neutrophils
30% Lymphocytes
6% Monocytes
3% Eosinophils
0% Basophils
25
Q

Why is Neutrophil High Low

A

High: Bacterial Infection
Low: Vitamin B12 deficiency

26
Q

Why is Lymphocyte High Low

A

High: Viral Infection
Low: Prolonged illness

27
Q

Why is Monocyte High Low

A

High: Viral/Fungal infection
Low: Bone Marrow Suppression

28
Q

Why is Eosinophil High Low

A

High: Parasitic Infection
Low: Drug Toxicity

29
Q

Why is Basophil High Low

A

High: Allergic reaction
Low: Pregnancy, ovulation

30
Q

Why is Platelet Count High Low

A

High: Excessive Alcohol intake
Low: Large spleen

31
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia - 4

A

Bleeding loses RBCs faster than replaced
Body does not make enough RBCs
Symptoms fatigue, depression, fainting, hair loss, irritability, poor appetite
MCV and MCHC will likely be low, RDW may be increased.

32
Q

Hemolytic Disease of Newborn HDN

A

Rh- mother, first child Rh+
End of pregnancy/Delivery, blood leaks baby to mom
Mom’s blood develops anti-Rh+ antigens
Second fetus Rh+, mom’s antibodies cross placenta, agglutination and hemolysis with fetal blood
First reaction mostly IgM, large, can’t cross blood vessel. Second reaction IgG (memory), small, crosses placenta.
Product Rogam prevents HDN.

33
Q

phagocytosis - what, which leukocytes

A

ingest and dispose of bacteria, dead matter

Neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils

34
Q

chemotaxis

A

movement of phagocytes following chemical trail

35
Q

how neutrophils destroy pathogens - 3

A

lysozyme

strong oxidants - h2o2, o2-

36
Q

How Eosinophils work - 2

A

anti-histamines

effective against parasites

37
Q

how basophils work - 3

A

leave capillaries at infection
release histamine, heparin, serotonin
responsible for allergic reactions - hypersensitivity

38
Q

lymphocytes - where, types - 3

A

majority of existence in lymphoid tissue, lymph, blood

B cells, T cells, NK

39
Q

Platelet development, demise - 2

A

TPO causes myeloid to megakaryoblast to megakaryocyte splinter to 2000 to 3000 platelets
Dead platelets -> macrophages in spleen, liver

40
Q

Hemostasis 3 parts

A

Smooth muscle constricts blood vessel
Platelet plug formation
Blood clotting

41
Q

Platelet Plug formation

A

Platelets stick to vessel collagen fibers - platelet adhesion
Due to adhesion, platelets activated, extend appendages to others
Platelet release - release granules
ADP makes platelets more sticky, platelet aggregation

42
Q

Blood Clotting - 2 pathways, element they produce, 4 factors

A

2 pathways - extrinsic (tissue trauma), intrinsic (blood trauma)
1972 - clotting factors II, VII, IX, X require vitamin K. Warfarin also makes them not clot.
Extrinsic and Intrinsic both produce Prothrombinase enzyme

43
Q

Blood Clotting - pathways to what they produce to work with platelets, and what breaks it down

A

Prothrombinase catalyses prothrombin +Ca2 -> thrombin -> fibrinogen +Ca2 -> loose fibrin -> stabilized fibrin
plasmin breaks down clot, stabilized fibrin, loose fibrin, fibrinogen

44
Q

fibrinolytic system

A

dissolves small inappropriate clots, clots where repair is done
plasminogen built into all clots
cleaved to plasmin by some factors

45
Q

Anticoagulants- 5

A

delay, suppress, or prevent blood clotting
Heparin - surgery
Warfarin - 1972
aspirin - inhibits vasoconstriction, blocks platelet aggregation
streptokinase (strep bacteria), urokinase (in urine)

46
Q

embolus/thrombus

A

clot in unbroken blood vessel - thrombus

embolus - blood clot, air bubble, fat, debris transported by blood stream

47
Q

ABO, Rh factor

A

A/B antigen -> A/B blood, A+B -> AB, none -> O
A blood develops anti B antibodies, none for AB, both for O
A antigen + Anti A antibody agglutination (clump), hemolysis, damage kidneys
Rh+ has antigens, Rh- develops antibodies after exposed once

A&P 2 (18 decks)

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