24-Digestion Flashcards
GI Accessory Organs - 6
Teeth, Tongue, Salivary glands, Liver, Pancreas, Gall bladder
GI Tract organs - 6
Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine
GI Tract basic processes - 6
Ingestion, Secretion,
Mixing and Propulsion,
Digestion, Absorption,
Defecation
Layers of the GI tract - 4, one special exception
Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Serosa In Esophagus, Serosa replaced by Adventitia
Mucosa Layer sublayers - 3
Epithelium - protection, secretion, absorption
Lamina Propria - MALT
Muscularis Mucosae - rugal folds in stomach, sm. intestines
Submucosal layer contains - 2
Nerves/vessels
Submucosal Plexus - for secretion
Muscularis layer - 2 types of muscle & where, 2 layers of muscle, plexus
Skeletal muscle - mouth, pharynx, superior/middle esophagus, external sphincter
Smooth muscle - Lower esophagus, stomach, intestines
Inner circular muscle, outer longitudinal muscle
Myenteric Plexus - motility
Enteric nervous system - 2 plexuses, nerves from where
Myenteric - in Muscularis, for Motility
Submucosal - in submucosa, for secretions
Parasympathetic - Vagus (X), plus splanchnic nerves (sacral)
Retroperitoneal organs - 5
Ascending colon, descending colon, kidneys, pancreas, doudenum
Peritoneal folds - 5
Greater Omentum Lesser Omentum Falciform Mesentery Mesocolon
uvula - does what
blocks nasal cavity from receiving food being swallowed
Salivary glands - 3 + what released
Parotid - in front of ears
Submandibular - deep under tongue, posterior to sublingual, releases salivary amylase
Sublingual - under tongue, anterior
Salivary amylase - breaks down complex carbs
Increase/decrease salivation
Decrease - sympathetic nervous system
Increase - smell, taste, touch, thought of food
Tongue intrinsic/extrinsic muscles for what
Intrinsic - speech
Extrinsic - everything else
Tongue lingual glands secrete
Lingual lipase - acts on dietary triglycerides
Tooth parts - 3 areas, 5 parts
Crown, neck, root
Enamel - hard coating on top, hardest part of body
dentin - gives tooth its shape, majority of tooth
pulp - blood supply, nerves, lymph
apical foramen - root canal through bone
root - embed each tooth into a socket, cementum to attach to periodontal ligament
Baby teeth - when gained, when lost, types, number
Start 6 months, 2 per month
Lost age 6-12 years
20 teeth
4 incisors, 2 canines (cuspids), 4 molars per jaw
Adult teeth - number, types
32 total, 16 per jaw 4 incisors 2 cuspids (canines) 4 bicuspids (premolars) 6 molars
Physical digestion called, produces, muscles - 4
Mastication, bolus
Masseter, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid, temporalis
Chemical digestion - 2
Salivary amylase - starch
Lingual lipase - needs acidic environment, triglycerides
Two tubes in throat, which is anterior
Trachea (anterior), esophagus
Esophagus muscle types by 1/3
Proximal 1/3 - skeletal
Middle 1/3 mixed
Distal 1/3 - smooth
Deglutition - 3 stages, what follows it
Voluntary
Pharyngeal
Esophageal
Peristalsis in Esophageal phase
Stomach parts including folds and two curves - 8
Lesser curve, Greater curve Cardia, fundus Body Pylorus, pyloric sphincter Rugae - folds
Types of epithelium in Stomach - 3, 2 juices + factor absorbs what
Mucous neck cells
Parietal - produce intrinsic factor, absorbs vitamin B-12
Chief cells - produce pepsinogen, gastric lipase
Pepsinogen cleaves to pepsin in small intestine, breaks down proteins
Pancreas - sections - 3, ducts - 2, ends in
Head, body, tail
Main pancreatic duct, accessory pancreatic duct
Hepatopancreatic ampulla (Vater), empties into duodenum
Type of most pancreatic cells (exocrine), juices produced - 4
99% acini (acinar cells) Pancreatic amylase - starch Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypepsidase, elastase - proteins Pancreatic lipase - triglycerides (deoxy)ribonuclease - RNA/DNA
Liver/gallbladder ducts - 5
R/L hepatic to common hepatic duct, branches to cystic duct (gallbladder) and common bile duct
Common bile duct joins main pancreatic duct at Vater ampulla
Liver - 4/5 major components
Hepatocytes - secrete bile, transport and emulsify fat
Bile canaliculi - small bile capillaries, lead to bile ducts
Hepatic sinusoids - Hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein
Functions of liver - 8
Produce bile, emulsify and transport fat, lacteals
Carb metabolism - store glycogen, glucose glycogen
Lipid metabolism - synthesize cholesterol, store triglycerides
Protein metabolism - synthesize blood proteins - albumin
Detoxification - alcohol, drugs
Excrete bilirubin
Store vitamin A, D, E, K, B12
Activation of vitamin D
Bile - pH, pigment, tasks, stored
pH is basic
pigment is bilirubin, breakdown of RBC
Stored and concentrated in gallbladder
Emulsifies and transports fat
Small intestine parts, small to large
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Small intestine absorption (blood&lymph), protection - 3
Villi, microvilli - absorb nutrients, large surface area
Lacteals - lymphatic capillaries, carry away nutrients (Fat), reabsorb bile
Peyer’s patches - participate in neutralizing pathogens
Intestinal juice - where comes from, how it gets into intestine
Brush border enzyme - sits in microvilli, they break apart, juice flows into lumen
Most absorbtion occurs where, methods - 4
Small intestine Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Active transport
Large intestine parts - 10
Vermiform appendix - holds bacteria for when wiped out in intestines
Cecum - connects to ileum
Ascending/transverse/descending/sigmoid colon
R/L (hepatic/splenic) colic flexure
Rectum, anus
Movement in colon - 4, main job
Teniae coli - band of muscle along colon
Haustra - segment of colon
Haustral churning - churn within one haustra
Mass peristalsis - move everything along toward rectum
Absorb or add water to chyme/feces
Name of chunk of food as it passes digestive system - 3
Bolus in mouth, esophagus, stomach
Chyme in small intestine, large intestine
Feces in Large intestine
Contents of Foregut-4, Midgut-7, Hindgut
Foregut - pharynx, esophagus, stomach, part of duodenum
Midgut - Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, part of transverse colon
Hindgut - remainder of large intestines
Name of line of tissue restricting upper/lower lip in middle
Frenulum