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A&P 2 > 24-Digestion > Flashcards

24-Digestion Flashcards

0
Q

GI Accessory Organs - 6

A

Teeth, Tongue, Salivary glands, Liver, Pancreas, Gall bladder

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1
Q

GI Tract organs - 6

A

Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine

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2
Q

GI Tract basic processes - 6

A

Ingestion, Secretion,
Mixing and Propulsion,
Digestion, Absorption,
Defecation

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3
Q

Layers of the GI tract - 4, one special exception

A 
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
In Esophagus, Serosa replaced by Adventitia
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4
Q

Mucosa Layer sublayers - 3

A

Epithelium - protection, secretion, absorption
Lamina Propria - MALT
Muscularis Mucosae - rugal folds in stomach, sm. intestines

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5
Q

Submucosal layer contains - 2

A

Nerves/vessels

Submucosal Plexus - for secretion

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6
Q

Muscularis layer - 2 types of muscle & where, 2 layers of muscle, plexus

A

Skeletal muscle - mouth, pharynx, superior/middle esophagus, external sphincter
Smooth muscle - Lower esophagus, stomach, intestines
Inner circular muscle, outer longitudinal muscle
Myenteric Plexus - motility

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7
Q

Enteric nervous system - 2 plexuses, nerves from where

A

Myenteric - in Muscularis, for Motility
Submucosal - in submucosa, for secretions
Parasympathetic - Vagus (X), plus splanchnic nerves (sacral)

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8
Q

Retroperitoneal organs - 5

A

Ascending colon, descending colon, kidneys, pancreas, doudenum

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9
Q

Peritoneal folds - 5

A 
Greater Omentum
Lesser Omentum
Falciform
Mesentery
Mesocolon
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10
Q

uvula - does what

A

blocks nasal cavity from receiving food being swallowed

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11
Q

Salivary glands - 3 + what released

A

Parotid - in front of ears
Submandibular - deep under tongue, posterior to sublingual, releases salivary amylase
Sublingual - under tongue, anterior
Salivary amylase - breaks down complex carbs

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12
Q

Increase/decrease salivation

A

Decrease - sympathetic nervous system

Increase - smell, taste, touch, thought of food

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13
Q

Tongue intrinsic/extrinsic muscles for what

A

Intrinsic - speech

Extrinsic - everything else

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14
Q

Tongue lingual glands secrete

A

Lingual lipase - acts on dietary triglycerides

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15
Q

Tooth parts - 3 areas, 5 parts

A

Crown, neck, root
Enamel - hard coating on top, hardest part of body
dentin - gives tooth its shape, majority of tooth
pulp - blood supply, nerves, lymph
apical foramen - root canal through bone
root - embed each tooth into a socket, cementum to attach to periodontal ligament

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16
Q

Baby teeth - when gained, when lost, types, number

A

Start 6 months, 2 per month
Lost age 6-12 years
20 teeth
4 incisors, 2 canines (cuspids), 4 molars per jaw

17
Q

Adult teeth - number, types

A 
32 total, 16 per jaw
4 incisors
2 cuspids (canines)
4 bicuspids (premolars)
6 molars
18
Q

Physical digestion called, produces, muscles - 4

A

Mastication, bolus

Masseter, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid, temporalis

19
Q

Chemical digestion - 2

A

Salivary amylase - starch

Lingual lipase - needs acidic environment, triglycerides

20
Q

Two tubes in throat, which is anterior

A

Trachea (anterior), esophagus

21
Q

Esophagus muscle types by 1/3

A

Proximal 1/3 - skeletal
Middle 1/3 mixed
Distal 1/3 - smooth

22
Q

Deglutition - 3 stages, what follows it

A

Voluntary
Pharyngeal
Esophageal
Peristalsis in Esophageal phase

23
Q

Stomach parts including folds and two curves - 8

A 
Lesser curve, Greater curve
Cardia, fundus
Body
Pylorus, pyloric sphincter
Rugae - folds
24
Q

Types of epithelium in Stomach - 3, 2 juices + factor absorbs what

A

Mucous neck cells
Parietal - produce intrinsic factor, absorbs vitamin B-12
Chief cells - produce pepsinogen, gastric lipase
Pepsinogen cleaves to pepsin in small intestine, breaks down proteins

25
Q

Pancreas - sections - 3, ducts - 2, ends in

A

Head, body, tail
Main pancreatic duct, accessory pancreatic duct
Hepatopancreatic ampulla (Vater), empties into duodenum

26
Q

Type of most pancreatic cells (exocrine), juices produced - 4

A 
99% acini (acinar cells)
Pancreatic amylase - starch
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypepsidase, elastase - proteins
Pancreatic lipase - triglycerides
(deoxy)ribonuclease - RNA/DNA
27
Q

Liver/gallbladder ducts - 5

A

R/L hepatic to common hepatic duct, branches to cystic duct (gallbladder) and common bile duct
Common bile duct joins main pancreatic duct at Vater ampulla

28
Q

Liver - 4/5 major components

A

Hepatocytes - secrete bile, transport and emulsify fat
Bile canaliculi - small bile capillaries, lead to bile ducts
Hepatic sinusoids - Hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein

29
Q

Functions of liver - 8

A

Produce bile, emulsify and transport fat, lacteals
Carb metabolism - store glycogen, glucose glycogen
Lipid metabolism - synthesize cholesterol, store triglycerides
Protein metabolism - synthesize blood proteins - albumin
Detoxification - alcohol, drugs
Excrete bilirubin
Store vitamin A, D, E, K, B12
Activation of vitamin D

30
Q

Bile - pH, pigment, tasks, stored

A

pH is basic
pigment is bilirubin, breakdown of RBC
Stored and concentrated in gallbladder
Emulsifies and transports fat

31
Q

Small intestine parts, small to large

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

32
Q

Small intestine absorption (blood&lymph), protection - 3

A

Villi, microvilli - absorb nutrients, large surface area
Lacteals - lymphatic capillaries, carry away nutrients (Fat), reabsorb bile
Peyer’s patches - participate in neutralizing pathogens

33
Q

Intestinal juice - where comes from, how it gets into intestine

A

Brush border enzyme - sits in microvilli, they break apart, juice flows into lumen

34
Q

Most absorbtion occurs where, methods - 4

A 
Small intestine
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
35
Q

Large intestine parts - 10

A

Vermiform appendix - holds bacteria for when wiped out in intestines
Cecum - connects to ileum
Ascending/transverse/descending/sigmoid colon
R/L (hepatic/splenic) colic flexure
Rectum, anus

36
Q

Movement in colon - 4, main job

A

Teniae coli - band of muscle along colon
Haustra - segment of colon
Haustral churning - churn within one haustra
Mass peristalsis - move everything along toward rectum
Absorb or add water to chyme/feces

37
Q

Name of chunk of food as it passes digestive system - 3

A

Bolus in mouth, esophagus, stomach
Chyme in small intestine, large intestine
Feces in Large intestine

38
Q

Contents of Foregut-4, Midgut-7, Hindgut

A

Foregut - pharynx, esophagus, stomach, part of duodenum
Midgut - Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, part of transverse colon
Hindgut - remainder of large intestines

39
Q

Name of line of tissue restricting upper/lower lip in middle

A

Frenulum

A&P 2 (18 decks)

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