25-Metabolism

Question 0

ATP - parts (3), high energy bonds

Answer 0

Adenine
Ribose
Phosphate (3)
2 high energy bonds

Question 1

Metabolism - Define, 2 parts

Answer 1

Sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
Catabolism - breaking down complex molecules into simple, elements
Anabolism - building complex molecules from parts

Question 2

Energy transfer, 2 coenzymes, made from what

Answer 2

NAD - from B vitamin niacin

FAD - from B vitamin riboflavin

Question 3

Methods of phosphorylation - 3, and where

Answer 3

Substrate-level - Glycolysis, cytosol
Oxidative - Electron Transport Chain, mitochondrial inner membrane
Photophosphorylation - photosynthesis

Question 4

Glucose catabolism - 4 steps

Answer 4

Glycolysis - produces 2 ATP, pyruvic acid (lactic if no O2 present)
Formation of Acetyl Coenzyme A, modified by several enzymes, matrix
Krebs cycle - Acetyl CoA to CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2, matrix
Electron Transport Chain - NADH, FADH2 to ATP, membrane

Question 5

Oxygen debt, cycle

Answer 5

Borrow side creates lactic acid anaerobically

Repay side uses O2 to use up lactic acid in Cori cycle

Question 6

Glucose anabolism - 3 gluco/glyco terms

Answer 6

Glycogenesis - Create Glycogen from glucose, most stored in muscles, some in liver
Glycogenolysis - Lyse glycogen into glucose
Gluconeogenesis - use triglycerides, lactic acid, amino acids to create New Glucose

Question 7

Lipoproteins - 4

Answer 7

Chylomicrons - form in sm. intestine, transport lipids to adipose, mostly triglyceride
VLDL - form in hepatocytes, lose triglycerides, become LDL
LDL - high in cholesterol, deposit in body cells including blood vessels
HDL - high in protein, removes excess cholesterol back to liver

Question 8

Triglyceride storage (where), lipolysis - thru what process, forms what

Answer 8

Major function of adipose to remove triglycerides from VLDL
Adipose triglycerides 98% of body energy
lipolysis - triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acid, to harvest ATP. Goes through Beta Oxidation in matrix to form Acetyl Co-A.

Question 9

Excess Carb, protein, fat converted to

Answer 9

Triglycerides, stored in adipose.

Question 10

Breakdown of protein produces what, excreted how

Answer 10

Ammonia (NH3), converted to urea and excreted in urine

Question 11

Amino acids - how many, essential

Answer 11

20 body uses

10 essential, must come in diet

Question 12

Complete protein

Answer 12

From animals complete (incl eggs, milk). Others incomplete.

Question 13

Fasting, starvation, ketone bodies

Answer 13

Fasting - go without food hours to days
Starvation - no or inadequate food weeks to months
Ketone bodies - formed by hepatocytes during fasting/starvation. Alternative fuel for RBC, neurons, CNS, skeletal muscles. Smells fruity.

Question 14

Metabolic rate, BMR, core temperature, shell temperature

Answer 14

Metabolic rate - overall rate of metabolic reactions in body
BMR - Basal MR measured quiet, resting, fasting
Core temperature - measured in body
Shell temperature - measured surface of skin

Question 15

Body thermostat

Answer 15

Preoptic area of hypothalamus

Question 16

Nutrients - 6

Answer 16

Carb, protein, fat, mineral, vitamin, water

Question 17

Minerals, % body mass

Answer 17

Inorganic, from earth’s crust, 4% body mass

Question 18

Minerals - 7

Answer 18

Calcium & phosphorus - bones, teeth
Magnesium - ADP to ATP
Sodium & potassium - action potentials
Iron - hemoglobin, Electron Transport Chain
Chromium - insulin

Question 19

Vitamins, what deactivates free radicals?

Answer 19

Fat soluble - ADEK

Anti-oxidant - deactivate free radicals