23-Respiration Flashcards
Functions of the Respiratory system - 5
Surface area for gas exchange blood and air
Moving air to/from exchange surface
Protection against dehydration, temp change, pathogens, pH
Production of sound for singing, speaking
Facilitating detection of odors
How many types of bronchi, names
Primary (R/L)
Secondary (lobar) - 3 R, 2 L
Tertiary (segmental)
Bones and cartilage of nose 3+3, functions of internal structures of external nose - 3
Frontal bone, nasal bone, maxillae
Septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal cartilage, alar cartilage
warming/moisturizing/filtering air, detecting odors, modifying speech
Skull bones that contain paranasal sinuses - 4
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Maxillae
Structures to swirl air in nasal cavity -3, tunnels formed - 3
Superior, middle, inferior nasal conchae
Superior, middle, inferior meatuses
Anatomical regions of pharynx - 3
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx - extends, contains, type of cells
Extends from nasal cavity to soft palate
Contains pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Oropharynx extends, contains, cell types
Extends from soft palate to hyoid bone
contains Palatine tonsils (pair), Lingual tonsils (pair)
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngopharynx - extends, cell type
Extends from hyoid to esophagus
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Larynx cartilage - 5
Thyroid cartilage Epiglottis Cricoid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage pair Corniculate cartilage pair
Adam’s Apple (name), other major anterior cartilage, type of cartilage, 3 ligaments
Thyroid Cartilage, cricoid cartilage, hyaline
Thyrohyoid ligament
Cricotrachael ligament
Cricothyroid ligament
Epiglottis - cartilage type, does what
Elastic cartilage
blocks trachea when swallowing
Voice chords - 2, plus why males are low
Superior ventricular - false
Inferior vocal - true
Androgens in males thicken vocal folds
Trachea - location in neck, cartilage type, muscle in cartilage
Anterior to esophagus
Hyaline cartilage C rings
Trachealis muscle spans opening in C
3 Levels of bronchi inferior to trachea + intersection, then what?
R/L primary bronchi - right more vertical, tracheal/primary - carina
Secondary bronchi lobar - 3R, 2L, Superior, [Middle], Inferior
Tertiary are segments, BPS, 10 per lung.
Tertiary to Bronchioles - microscopic
Bronchi dilation/constriction
Sympathetic & epinephrine/exercise cause bronchodilation
Parasympathetic and allergic/histamine cause bronchoconstriction
Pleural membrane
Parietal, visceral, pleural cavity w/fluid
Inflammation called pleurisy or pleuritis
Fluid in pleural space called pleural effusion
Lungs - entry for vessels
Hilum - blood vessels, lymph, nerves
Lungs - large structural
Right lung shorter - liver
Cardiac impression and notch in Left lung
Oblique fissure both lungs Inferior lobe. Right also has horizontal fissure - middle lobe to superior lobe.
Lungs - terminal to respiratory
Terminal bronchioles go to lobule - sac with elastic connective tissue
Terminal bronchioles subdivide into respiratory bronchioles, divide into alveolar ducts
Around ducts are numerous alveoli and alveolar sacs
Alveoli - 2 types, membrane composed of
Thin basement membrane, simple squamous epithelium
Type I - gas exchange
Type II - produce surfactant, lowers surface tension
Respiratory membrane - 4 + dust cells
Type I and type II alveolar cells Thin basement membrane Thin capillary basement membrane Capillary endothelium Dust cell is Macrophage
Ventilation-Perfusion coupling
In areas of low O2, capillaries vasoconstrict, forcing blood to areas with more O2.
3 steps of breathing
Pulmonary respiration - inhale/exhale
External respiration - pulmonary, gas exchange in alveoli/capillaries
Internal respiration - systemic gas exchange, capillaries and tissues
Boyle’s law
Pressure and volume inversely proportional
Muscles on inhalation - 3
Diaphragm - contract inferiorly
Also external intercostals can elevate ribs
accessory - sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis minor
Exhalation - how and muscles
Normal is passive, elastic recoil, 2/3 surfactin, 1/3 elastic fibers
Forced exhale uses internal intercostals, abdominal muscles
Factors affecting pulmonary ventilation - 4
Pressure differential inside lungs, outside air
Surface tension of alveolar fluid/surfactin
Compliance - stretchiness of lung tissue
Airway resistance - blockage, constriction
Oxygen binding to hemoglobin, 4 ways right shift O2 dissociation curve
All or nothing, once one binds, the other 4 sites change shape to bind easily 1 - Higher H+ 2 - Higher PP-CO2 3 - Higher temperature 4 - Higher BPG
CO2 transport, how and percentages - 3, chloride shift
1 - 70% as bicarbonate
2 - 23% bound to hemoglobin
3 - 7% dissolved in blood plasma
HCO3- and Cl- switch in and out of RBC, swap
Control of respiration - main center plus 5 sub
Respiration Center
Medullary rhythmic area - inspiratory area - control main rhythm, expiratory area - forceful breathing
Pneumotaxic area - upper pons - turn off inspiratory area before lungs too full
Apneustic - lower pons - deep inhalation, accessory muscles
Chemoreceptors in respiration - 3, plus strong
1 - Central chemoreceptors - near medulla, CNS
2 - Aortic - Aorta - PNS
3 - Carotid - Common Carotid - PNS
Increased CO2 levels strongly stimulate inspiratory area
Hypercapnia, hypocapnia, hyperventilation
Hypercapnia - increased PP-CO2
Hypocapnia - decreased PP-CO2
Hyperventilation - quick deep breathing, increase O2 and decrease CO2 and H+
Hering-Breuer (inflation) reflex
Baroreceptor to Vagus nerve, prevents overinflation of lungs
Other regulatory influences on respiration - 6
Limbic system stimulation Temperature Pain Anal sphincter stretch Blood pressure Irritation of airways
Tumor of pulmonary apex
Pancoast tumor
