Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards
Cite the 7 levels of organization from atom to organism.
1) Atom
2) Molecule
3) Cell
4) Tissue
5) Organ
6) Organ system
7) Organism
Give a simple diagram for negative feedback including sensors, pathways, control, effector, and effect.
1) Sensory receptors
2) Afferent pathway
3) Control center
4) Efferent pathway
5) Effectors
6) Effect
What is the relationship between the amount of electrons in a neutral atom and the amount of protons?
Number of electrons = # of protons
What is the difference between an ionic and a covalent bond?
Ionic - valence electron(s) transferred from metal to nonmetal (i.e., electron donor to electron acceptor; differing electronegativity)
Covalent - valence electrons shared between atoms of the same/similar electronegativity
In what 2 ways does an enzyme speed up reaction rate?
1) By providing an active site for molecules to bind, increasing probability of molecular collision
2) Lowering the energy of activation, which allows the reaction to progress quicker (smaller hump to get over)
Acids have a pH { } than 7, while bases have a pH { } than 7
1) Lower
2) Higher
What is the relationship between [H+] and pH?
Greater [H+] = lower pH
Name the general monomers for each category: starch, protein, lipids, & nucleic acids
1) Starch = monosaccharides
2) Protein = amino acids
3) Lipids = glycerol & fatty acids
4) Nucleic acids = nucleotides
What is the specialized nucleotide that serves a chemical energy in cells, and how does it provide energy?
ATP - high energy covalent bonds between phosphorous groups break, releasing stored energy
Why is the cell membrane a phospholipid bilayer?
Two layers of hydrophilic, polar heads (phosphates/glycerols) face the water inside and outside of the cell, while the two sets of hydrophobic, nonpolar tails (fatty acids) face each other between the inside and outside of the cell (creating a fat sandwich)
Atoms/molecules (solutes) move from high to low concentration
What is simple diffusion?
Simple diffusion with a carrier or channel
What is facilitated diffusion?
Atoms/molecules move from low to high concentration, requiring a transport protein and ATP
What is active transport?
Water molecules move from high to low concentration through aquaporins (water channels)
What is osmosis?
Which organelle houses the DNA?
Nucleus
Ribosomes attached to the rough ER, which mostly make cell membrane proteins or are exported from the cell to be used elsewhere
What are attached ribosomes?
Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes?
Lysosomes
Which organelle is the cell powerhouse that makes ATP?
Mitochondria
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Receive transport vesicle with new proteins from rough ER
The { } face of the Golgi apparatus modified proteins while the { } face of the GA packages proteins in vesicles for exocytosis
1) Cis
2) Trans
Which type of RNA takes part in transcription?
mRNA
Which type of RNA carries amino acids in translation?
tRNA
Differentiate between Pacinian & Meissener’s dermal pressure receptors.
Pacinian - deep pressure
Meissener’s - superficial pressure
Which structure causes the hair follicle to straighten and create goosebumps?
Arrector pili
Which gland secretes sebum?
Sebaceous
Which gland secretes sweat directly to the skin across all body areas except the armpits and groin?
Sudoriferous eccrine
Which layer of the epidermis has stem cells that divide and replace the above layers?
Stratum basale
Which 3 organs work together to convert vitamin D to calcitriol?
1) Integumentary
2) Liver
3) Kidney
What is the type of cartilage found at the end of the epiphysis?
Hyaline cartilage
Which type of ossification forms long bones? What is the starting tissue?
1) Endochondral
2) Hyaline cartilage
The { } gland secretes { } hormone in response to low blood Ca levels.
1) Parathyroid
2) Parathyroid
Which tissue creates the initial soft callus in bone fracture repair?
Fibrocartilage
Which type of arthritis is due to normal wear and tear?
Osteoarthritis
Which type of arthritis is autoimmune?
Rheumatoid
What does acetylcholine do at the neuromuscular junction?
Diffuse from motor neuron to bind post-synaptic receptors, allowing depolarization (contraction) in the motor end plate and activating the muslce
What are the contractile proteins in skeletal muscle cells (myocytes) that form crossbridges?
Actin & myosin
What are the 2 inhibitory proteins that block depolarization in the motor end plate?
Troponin & tropomyosin
Which inhibitory protein binds Ca?
Troponin
Where is Ca stored when not needed for contraction?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Which cells filter air in the nose and along the trachea?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Which cartilage makes up most of the larynx and trachea?
Hyaline
Which cartilage forms the epiglottis?
Elastic
Differentiate types I and II pneumocytes.
1) Type I - gas diffusion
2) Type II - secretion of surfactant to reduce surface tension
Why does air enter the lungs?
Diaphragm contracts down to increase thoracic cavity volume, which reduces Palv; Patm > Palv, so air moves down the pressure gradient (into the alveoli)
Which part of the medulla drives diaphragm contraction and resting inspiration?
Dorsal respiratory group
What are the parts of hemoglobin?
4 proteins/globins with a Fe atom in the center
Which part of hemoglobin is O2 attached to?
Fe
Which part of hemoglobin is CO2 attached to?
Globin (carbaminohemoglobin)
Which organ makes erythropoietin (EPO), and what is EPO’s function?
Kidneys - EPO stimulates red bone marrow to make RBCs
What clotting protein is activated by thrombin, Ca, and factor XIII?
Fibrin
Someone with type B blood has which antigens and antibodies?
B antigens; anti-A antibodies
Which structures clean/fliter lymph and are found along lymphatic vessels?
Lymph nodes
What 2 cells are phagocytes?
Neutrophils & macrophages
How do neutrophils escape circulation and find the target (HINT: 3 factors)?
1) Inflammation to increase vascular permeability
2) Diapedesis (squeezing out of capillaries)
3) Chemotaxis (breadcrumbs)
Which cells make antibodies?
B lymphocytes
Which cells are most responsible for improving secondary exposure?
Memory cells
Which 2 structures keep AV valves from opening back up?
1) Papillary muscles
2) Chordea tendineae
What are the only arteries to carry deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary
Pacemaker of the heart.
What is the SA node?
Cardiac output (CO) =…
Stroke volume (SV) * Heart rate (HR)
Which nervous system increases SV, HR, and peripheral resistance (PR)
Sympathetic (fight or flight)
What is the smooth muscle layer of a blood vessel?
Tunica media
Which receptors monitor BP?
Baroreceptors
Which hormone increases Na+ and H2O reabsorption from the kidney to increase blood volume (HINT: acts as an antidiuretic)?
Aldosterone
