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Anatomy & Physiology I > Ch. 6 Bones (E2) > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Bones (E2) Flashcards

1
Q

The compact, central, long part of the bone, the shaft, essentially.

A

What is the diaphysis?

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2
Q

The spongy end of the bone.

A

What is the epiphysis?

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3
Q

Where the diaphysis joins the epiphysis.

A

What is the metaphysis?

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4
Q

The space inside the diaphysis, which contains marrow.

A

What is the medullary cavity?

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5
Q

The inner lining of the medullary canal.

A

What is the endosteum?

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6
Q

The connective tissue covering the bone.

A

What is the periosteum?

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7
Q

The thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphyses.

A

What is the articular cartilage?

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8
Q

Another name for the Haversian system.

A

What is the osteon?

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9
Q

In which type of bone will you find osteons?

A

Compact bone

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10
Q

Rings of hard, calcified matrix found in the osteon.

A

What are lamellae?

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11
Q

This osteon structure carries lymphatics, blood vessels, and nerve fibers.

A

What is the central canal?

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12
Q

The { } canals branch from the central canal.

A

Volkmann’s

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13
Q

The extensions coming from osteocytes.

A

What are canaliculi?

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14
Q

Osteocytes are situated in small chambers referred to as these.

A

What are lacunae?

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15
Q

Found in spongy bone, these are the irregular latticework of thin bone plates in which the spaces are filled with marrow.

A

What are trabeculae?

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16
Q

Blood and nerve supplies are abundant in { } bone.

A

Spongy

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17
Q

Stem cells that generate osteoblasts and chondroblasts.

A

What are osteogenic/osteoprogenitor/osteochondral progenitor cells?

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18
Q

Osteoblasts produce…

A

Bone matrix i.e., mineral salts and collagen

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19
Q

Can osteoblasts divide?

A

No

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20
Q

Osteocytes are derived from…

A

Osteoblasts

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21
Q

These structures contain secretory lysosomes and are considered “bone breakers.”

A

What are osteoclasts?

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22
Q

Osteoclasts aid in bone reabsorption. What is bone reabsorption?

A

Removal of the bone matrix i.e., repair and remodelling

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23
Q

The organic part of the bone matrix, consisting of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen.

A

What are osteoids?

24
Q

What are hydroxyapatites?

A

The inorganic component of the matrix that produces mineral salts that calcify/harden it

25
Q

Give an example of a hydroxyapatite.

A

Tricalcium phosphate

26
Q

All other inorganic components of the bone matrix, such as magnesium hydroxide, fluoride, and sulfate, are responsible for { } and { }.

A

1) Hardness
2) Strength

27
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?

A

1) Support
2) Protection
3) Movement
4) Mineral storage
5) Blood cell formation (red marrow)
6) Energy storage (yellow marrow)

28
Q

The scientific term for blood cell formation.

A

What is hematopoiesis?

29
Q

Intramembranous ossification occurs in { } bones.

A

Flat

30
Q

What structure does intramembranous ossification not involve?

A

Cartilage

31
Q

What are the 4 steps of intramembranous ossification?

A

1) Osteogenic cells > osteoblasts
2) Osteoblasts secrete osteoid/matrix
3) Osteoblasts > osteocytes
4) Outer layer - periosteum & compact bone, Inner layer - spongy bone

32
Q

When does intramembranous ossification occur in vitro?

A

5 weeks

33
Q

In endochondral ossification, most bones use { } for patterns.

A

Hyaline cartilage

34
Q

What are the 4 steps of endochondral ossification?

A

1) Chondroblast formation
2) Primary ossification
3) Medullary cavity formation
4) Secondary ossification

35
Q

In chondroblast formation, { } cells differentiate into { }, which become { }.

A

1) Stem
2) Chondroblasts
3) Chondrocytes

36
Q

Connective tissue that develops around the cartilage.

A

What is perichondrium?

37
Q

Primary ossification involves the { } of cartilage to make room for { } & { }.

A

1) Calcification
2) Blood vessels
3) Bone cells

38
Q

The primary ossification center occurs { } from the { } surface.

A

1) Inward
2) Bone

39
Q

Medullary cavity formation involves the { } of { } bone via { }.

A

1) Removal
2) Spongy
3) Osteoclasts

40
Q

In secondary ossification, { } migrate from the { } towards the { }.

A

1) Osteoblasts
2) Diaphysis
3) Epiphyses

41
Q

The hardening of cartilage during secondary ossification is referred to as…

A

Calcification

42
Q

Which 2 major structures are formed during secondary ossification?

A

Osteoid and osteocytes

43
Q

After secondary ossification, hyaline cartilage remains as these 2 forms.

A

What are articular cartilage & epiphyseal plates?

44
Q

Interstitial growth is also referred to as…

A

Longitudinal growth

45
Q

How does bone lengthening work?

A

Chondrocytes at the top of the epiphyseal plate divides, while the old cartilage underneath hardens and gets invaded by osteoblasts

46
Q

What 3 types of hormones inhibit bone lengthening?

A

1) Growth hormones
2) Thyroid hormones
3) Sex hormones

47
Q

Appositional growth is also referred to as…

A

Bone widening

48
Q

What is the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in appositional growth?

A

Osteoblasts - form new osteons along the outer surface of the diaphysis

Osteoclasts - reabsorb inner bone layers

49
Q

Describe how PTH hormonally raises blood calcium.

A

When blood calcium is low, osteoclasts reabsorb bone and move calcium to the blood

50
Q

Describe how calcitonin lowers blood calcium.

A

Reducing bone reabsorption, increasing calcium deposits in the matrix, and, thus, decreasing blood calcium

51
Q

What are the 4 steps of bone repair?

A

1) Hematoma formation
2) Procallus formation
3) Osseous callus formation
4) Remodeling

52
Q

What is the general mechanism behind osteoporosis?

A

Bone reabsorption > bone deposit

53
Q

Why do smoking and menopause contribute to osteoporosis?

A

Smoking - reduced estrogen

Menopause - a lack of estrogen = nothing to stop PTH, which encourages bone resorption

54
Q

How do drugs like Boniva treat osteoporosis?

A

Suppressing osteoclast activity

55
Q

How does vitamin D help treat osteomalacia and rickets?

A

It provides calcium that hardens the matrix

Anatomy & Physiology I (29 decks)

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