Ch. 5 The Integumentary System (E2) Flashcards
Protein hormones that stimulate growth and repair.
What is the epidermal growth factor?
These cells synthesize the waterproofing protein, keratin.
What are keratinocytes?
These cells make melanin.
What are melanocytes?
Also called dendritic cells, these migrate from the bone marrow and are considered immune activators.
What are Langerhans cells?
These cells are located in the deep epidermis and are used for touch & light pressure.
What are Merkel cells?
Name 2 types of Merkel cells.
1) Mechanoreceptors
2) Cutaneous receptors
Name the 5 strata of the epidermis from top to bottom.
1) Stratum corneum
2) Stratum lucidum
3) Stratum granulosum
4) Stratum spinosum
5) Stratum basale
Why do blisters and calluses form in the stratum lucidum?
As a means of extra protection
The keratinocytes located in the stratum spinosum are connected by…
Desmosomes
What is the purpose of the desmosome?
Mediating cell-cell adhesion
The stratum basale is composed of a single layer of { } cells.
Stem
What 2 types of cells does the stratum basale generate?
1) Keratinocytes
2) Melanocytes
In which layer of the epidermis is mitosis actively occurring?
Stratum basale
What 3 types of cells comprise the dermis, and what are their functions?
1) Fibroblasts - make protein fibers
2) Macrophages - immune
3) Adipocytes - fat cells
Meissner’s corpuscles are located in the { } layer of the dermis.
Papillary
What is the function of Meissner’s corpuscles?
Sensory receptor for light touch/pressure
Pacinian corpuscles are located in the { } layer of the dermis.
Reticular
What is the function of the Pacinian corpuscles?
Sensory receptor for deep pressure
The subcutaneous layer binds the { } layer to the underlying { }.
1) Reticular
2) Organs
Which amino acid is responsible for melanin?
Tyrosine
What is the protective factor of melanin?
It decreases UV ray absorption
This skin disorder is characterized by a lack of melanin, making the afflicted more sensitive to UV light.
What is albinism?
A yellow-orange pigment found in plants.
What is carotene?
Carotene is the precursor to…
Vitamin A
This blood “pigment” makes Caucasian people look pink.
What is hemoglobin?
Why does hemoglobin make Caucasian people look pink?
Dermal capillaries
Condition of hemoglobin depleted of oxygen, causing a bluish tint.
What is cyanosis?
Liver disorder that turns the skin yellow.
What is jaundice?
What is the mechanism behind jaundice turning the skin yellow?
An increase in bile derivatives from heme recycling
Hair helps decrease { } loss.
Heat
In which portion of the hair will you find stem cells?
In the bulb
What tissue comprises the hair follicle papillae?
Areolar connective tissue
What is the function of follicle papillae?
To provide nourishment via blood vessels
What is the function of the hair root plexus?
To house nerve endings for sensation
What are the 2 biochemical components behind male pattern baldness?
1) Genetics
2) Increased DHT
How does Rogaine correct male pattern baldness?
It is a vasodilator that increases blood flow to the follicle, thus, nourishing the follicle
This type of melanin is responsible for brown and black hair.
What is eumelanin?
This type of melanin is responsible for blonde and red hair.
What is pheomelanin?
Which form of melanin does not protect from UV light? Eumelanin or pheomelanin?
Pheomelanin
Grey hair is caused by a { } of melanin.
Decrease
White hair is caused by { } melanin that is replaced with { }.
1) Missing
2) Air bubbles
In which two locations will you not find sebaceous glands?
Palms and soles
What are the 4 functions of sebaceous glands?
1) Moistens hair
2) Decrease water loss
3) Keep skin pliable/flexible
4) Decrease most bacterial growth
Why is apocrine sweat more viscous than eccrine/merocrine?
Apocrine glands have more fat and protein
This sweat gland responds to stress and sexual excitement.
What is apocrine?
Mammary glands secrete…
Milk
Ceruminous glands are modified { } glands that make { }.
1) Sudoriferous/sweat
2) Cerumen/earwax
Cerumen/earwax prevents…
Microbe penetration
This burn affects the surface epithelium, resulting in pain e.g. sunburn.
What is 1st degree?
This burn extends through to the dermis, resulting in edema, pain, and blisters.
What is 2nd degree?
This burn extends through to the hypodermis, resulting in numbness.
What is 3rd degree?
Why do 3rd-degree burns result in numbness?
Sensory receptors have been destroyed
Why could 3rd-degree burns be fatal?
Intense dehydration
This skin cancer originates in the stratum basale, is the most common type, and is fairly non-invasive.
What is basal cell carcinoma?
This skin cancer originates in the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum and could potentially metastasize.
What is squamous cell carcinoma?
This skin cancer is the most aggressive and most likely to metastasize.
What is melanoma?
Why is melanoma most likely to metastasize?
Increased melanocyte migration
Mitotic wound healing only occurs in the…
Epidermis
Inflammation and clotting occur in the…
Dermis
What causes inflammation and clotting in the dermis?
Fibroblast protein secretions repairing the matrix
Thermoregulation occurs via { } feedback.
Negative
How does sensation occur?
All sensory receptors send input to the brain
The vitamin D precursor is…
7-dehydrocholesterol
7-dehydrocholesterol exposed to sunlight forms…
Cholecalciferol
The { } and { } convert cholecalciferol to { }.
1) Kidneys
2) Liver
3) Calcitriol/Vitamin D3
